Many people are stressed about the state of the world, but feel powerless to do anything about it. However, there are things we can all do to make a noticeable difference. Researchers are discovering that even small acts of kindness have a measurable impact. Volunteerism can change lives, and political activism has changed societies. When people make even a little bit of effort, change is possible. Small Acts of Kindness Kindness has become very popular. There is a random acts of kindness day and a week. Many teachers are including kindness in their curriculums, and parents are doing kindness advent calendars with their children. But what’s all the fuss? Do these acts really make a difference? An increasing focus on the study of kindness in psychology, especially since 2010, has shown that small acts of kindness do have measurable benefits for both givers and receivers. For example, a workplace study conducted in Spain found that people who were asked to do five kind things for others over four weeks felt increasingly competent while participating in the experiment. They were also less depressed and more satisfied with their work than others in the workplace who didn’t give to others (the control group). The people in the study who were designated as “receivers” over the four-week study also experienced measurable benefits. They were happier than others in the workplace for up to two months after the experiment ended. But wait, there’s more. The “receivers” also became “givers.” They paid the kind acts forward by participating in 278% more prosocial behaviors (doing nice things for others) than the control group. A mere five small acts of kindness over four weeks had a profound impact on this workplace. Imagine the impact kind acts could have on society. Many people have been changed by altruism. Successful author and psychologist Adam Grant said in an interview that it shaped his character and choice of career. His grandmother was an incredibly selfless person who once drove in deep snow for over two hours to babysit. His diving coach volunteered nine months per year to help him improve his diving. In themselves, the acts that inspired Grant are relatively small – babysitting grandchildren, coaching a young diver. But they made an indelible mark on Grant. “I think the most meaningful thing that I could do with my life is to try to pay that forward,” he said. Volunteerism Like kindness, volunteering has benefits for both volunteers and the people they serve. Most people understand how volunteering helps. Homeless people are fed, kids access sports camps their families may not be able to afford, special needs individuals’ lives are enriched, and more. However, research is beginning to show very clear and sometimes surprising benefits for the volunteers themselves. A research review examining past academic studies in volunteerism demonstrated that volunteering may improve mental health, act as a stress buffer, and help protect against depression. Widows who volunteered suffered less depression. Volunteering can also help people feel empowered and may boost their self-esteem. And volunteers have more friends. The review also laid out various health benefits for volunteers. Volunteers are less likely to have high blood pressure. There is also a strong connection between volunteering, better health, and longer life. Volunteering, then, benefits society in multiple ways. First, they assist the organizations they work with. Without volunteers there wouldn’t be soup kitchens, youth sports leagues, or even arts organizations. In the United States of America there are 1.5 million non-profit organizations. Society also benefits from the health and happiness of volunteers. Happy, healthy people are nicer to be around and are more likely to be kind to others. This also helps to create a better society. There are also famous volunteers. Florence Nightingale, for example, helped found the Red Cross as a volunteer. Founding Father Benjamin Franklin was also a volunteer. Besides helping to found the country, he also started up the colonies’ first all-volunteer fire brigade in Philadelphia. Watch Season 5 - Episode 7 Find out how volunteers have changed the lives of women and children in Texas by tuning in to RSnake’s conversation with Jill Gonzales of the Women’s Storybook Project. Political Activism Political activism is another area in which groups of individuals can make a real difference in the world, both politically and socially. Women who fought for the right to vote, for example, weren’t paid to do so. The civil rights movement didn’t pay everyone who marched. The last century has seen enormous amounts of change brought about by groups of dedicated activists. One person alone has limited power, but when ordinary people come together and work towards a common goal, their influence can be mighty. Political leaders are always outnumbered by the populace. If enough people support change, it is inevitable. Take the thousands of people who supported Mohandas K. (Mahatma) Gandhi through non-violent protests and boycotts in India. These actions played a key role in the eventual downfall of British rule in India. The U.S. civil rights movement led by Martin Luther King Jr., among others, also had a profound impact on the political and social climate of the country. America would be a very different place today if thousands hadn’t supported the movement. And political activism can benefit the activists. This work has been associated with increased vitality, an elevated sense of purpose, and more resilience. Although, it’s important to note it can also cause burnout. Collective Impact Collective impact involves collaboration between organizations, bringing the leaders of multiple non-profit groups and government organizations together to reach a common goal. This article by John Kania and Mark Kramer, published by the Stanford Social Innovation Review explained that multiple non-profit organizations in the U.S. often try to solve similar problems in isolation. But like individuals, single organizations are limited in their power. Together they can have a greater impact. Kania and Kramer shared the example of an initiative that used collective impact to improve education in the Cincinnati area and northern Kentucky. Over 300 leaders from multiple organizations came together to work on one set of objectives. In just four years the group observed increased high school graduation rates, better math and reading scores in fourth grade students, and more children prepared for kindergarten. Another example Kania and Kramer gave was the cleanup of the Elizabeth River in Virginia. For this effort, over 100 groups including non-profits, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S. Navy worked together to detoxify the river. It took time, but after 15 years, there was a reduction in pollution (of 215 million pounds) and 6 times fewer carcinogens. Animals including fish, oysters, and eagles returned to the area as a result. Overcoming Barriers to Individual Action Despite the many benefits of actions like kindness, volunteering, or political activism, not many people participate in them. Some research has found that only 7.5% of participants in the U.S. had volunteered the previous day. Key reasons for this could be underestimating the efficacy of these actions and their benefits, and time. Psychological research has found that people chronically undervalue the impact even a small action can have. Participants in a study asking people to hand out free hot chocolate to ice skaters on a cold day demonstrated this. The participants distributing the beverages didn’t believe they were doing anything important. But the recipients were much more grateful for the act of generosity than the givers predicted. There is also a misconception that acts of kindness or volunteering will disadvantage the giver. In this scenario, the giver is depleted while the receiver benefits. It’s a lose-win scenario. As demonstrated in this article, research has shown this is untrue. Givers do reap benefits from their generosity. Time is also an issue for many people today. Many workplaces require their employees to work long hours. In families with children, one or both parents may work full-time. People feel stretched and unable to give any more. But these can be overcome through awareness. As more people discover the impact kindness can have, they may be more likely to do something kind for others. Similarly, discovering that volunteering has significant benefits for volunteers could inspire more people to participate. It's more difficult to find time. However, if everyone dedicated a little less time to watching Netflix and a little more time to an altruistic activity, much could be accomplished. Buying someone a coffee doesn’t take much time. Volunteering even once every two months can still have an impact. Institutions and governments could also play a role by participating in collective action more often instead of competing with one another. Within a workplace, activities like kindness challenges, or providing time for employees to volunteer could also be effective strategies not only to boost a company’s image, but also improve employee satisfaction. Conclusion Even tiny acts of kindness can make a real difference in the world, benefitting both those who give and those who receive. Similarly, volunteering helps to improve society while bettering the lives of the volunteers themselves. Taking political action can change society for the better, and can increase activists’ vitality, sense of purpose, and resilience. When organizations use collective impact to reach common goals, much can be accomplished. The world can seem like a frightening place, but if each person in it takes even a few minutes out of every week to do something altruistic, it could become kinder and gentler.

Many people feel increasingly isolated in today’s world. Community building is a way to fill the void. It can improve people’s happiness, give them a sense of purpose, and even contribute to positive change in society. What is Community Building? Community building is a set of activities aimed at bringing people together. It’s usually related to people who live in the same area (neighborhood or city) or who have common interests. It’s an important answer to increasing isolation in today’s world. Rates of loneliness have been on the rise since the 1970s. This could be due in part to technology like video games and constantly available entertainment. Many people also live far away from family members. Membership in institutions like churches, that have historically served as community hubs, is on the decline. Building community can create positive social change in a number of ways. First, it prevents loneliness and its attendant problems like premature death, heart disease, stroke, dementia, depression, and anxiety. According to author and sociologist Tracy Brower in an article for Forbes, health and happiness are rooted in community. Building community doesn’t have to be complicated. Harlem Grown, a successful non-profit, began when its current CEO, Tony Hillery, decided to take the simple step of cleaning up an abandoned community garden. Today, Harlem Grown operates 12 community gardens and has donated over 6,000 pounds of free produce. What are Social Networks? Although the term social network has traditionally meant the web of relationships people have in their personal and working lives, it is now more commonly associated with online relationships. Social networks have been built on sites like Tumblr, forums in Reddit, in Facebook groups, and more. Ultimately, social networking is a form of community building. Many people have found a real sense of kinship online. For example, youth in the LGBTQ+ community have often found support virtually they may not otherwise have been able to access. When building positive virtual communities, people need to take personal responsibility to keep dialogue respectful. The sense of connection and community people enjoy online can be threatened quickly if the tone of discourse becomes more negative. This played out in a very real way in 2011. A Facebook page created by Wael Ghonim is largely credited for the Arab Spring uprising in Egypt. Hundreds of thousands of protesters turned out to a Facebook event created by Ghonim and stayed to protest former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s regime. A mere 18 days later, Mubarak resigned. However, after Mubarak’s resignation, the positive tone of a united community turned nasty. Some supported an Islamic state while others opposed this idea. People began name-calling and spreading false information online. Ghonim explained that Facebook’s algorithm ultimately rewarded more divisive content, which lead to increased polarization. Real-world violence erupted. Social Networks and Slacktivism Online activism has other pitfalls. People may feel they are taking action by posting a political message to their Facebook status, when this action is ultimately relatively meaningless. This has been termed “slacktivism.” For example, in 2020, many people posted black squares on their social media feeds in support of the Black Lives Matter movement. But these people often weren’t attending protests, donating to the cause or doing anything truly meaningful. Furthermore, overuse of the hashtag #blacklivesmatter frustrated activists who were using it to stay up-to-date on the status of various protests. Overall, social networks work best to support positive change when people take personal responsibility for their actions, or inactions, as the case may be. Watch Season 1 - Episode 1 Censorship, Social Media & Failed Journalism with Raymond Kaminski The Role of Community Building and Social Networks in Promoting Positive Change Community building online and in the real world can help promote positive change. First, they help people understand they aren’t alone in their beliefs or desire for change. It’s a cliché, but there is strength in numbers. And when people feel connected to community, they are mentally and physically healthier. Also, when people form community with others who have similar goals, they may be more likely to take action to achieve them. Brower pointed out in her article that the strongest communities share a common purpose. It could be to raise children well in a family, to enhance a neighborhood, or correct a social injustice. Ultimately, when people work towards goals like these, society benefits. There are challenges associated with all types of community building. People don’t always agree on everything. Group leaders or administrators must carefully navigate personality clashes and differences in opinion. As seen in the Arab Spring story, the algorithms governing social media feeds can also contribute to division and polarization within groups. Intersectionality in Community Building and Social Networks The term “intersectionality” was coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw, a professor at Columbia Law School, in 1989. She used it to discuss the law’s inability to recognize Black women as a discrete group. The law recognizes discrimination against women and against African Americans, but stumbles when attempting to combine the categories. Since then, the idea of intersectionality caught on in the social sciences. Now, according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, it means “the complex, cumulative way in which the effects of multiple forms of discrimination (such as racism, sexism, and classism) combine, overlap, or intersect especially in the experiences of marginalized individuals or groups.” Understanding intersectionality can ensure that people building groups do so in such a way that everyone is given equal opportunity to participate. It involves recognizing the types of discrimination and disadvantages some people face, and planning to alleviate them. For example, groups might use a discussion process that allows everyone in the room to speak for an allotted time. This can limit unconscious biases and ensure everyone has a say, rather than a few individuals doing most of the talking. Or a group might ensure a meeting location can be easily accessed by public transit for those who don’t own a car, and that it is wheelchair accessible. In many ways, social networks can level the playing field and reduce power imbalances related to intersectionality. They can limit the types of discrimination that may come from speaking with others face-to-face. People with physical disabilities also may have fewer barriers to participation in online forums. Using intersectionality has benefitted community building efforts in unique ways. A Narrative Initiative article described how an organization of primarily Latino farm workers in Oregon called Piñeros y Campesinos Unidos del Noroeste (PCUN) gained new traction when it built bridges with LGBTQ+ activists. Both groups defeated an anti-LGBTQ+ bill on the ballot one year, then worked together to defeat an anti-immigrant ballot measure the following year. Recognizing there could be farm workers who are also in the LGBTQ+ community and LGBTQ+ members who are also Latino (intersectionality) ultimately helped the group gain more power. Overcoming Barriers to Community Building and Social Networks When building community, whether in person or online, there are always difficulties. Life is unpredictable and people are complicated. First, there are differences of opinion and in personality within groups. No matter the common interests or goals, people fundamentally approach things in their own unique ways. This inevitably creates conflict. Then, discrimination can come in many forms and may impact community building. Aside from big categories like race, people often decide whom to trust based on class, beliefs, or even clothing. This can lead to complicated dynamics within a group, and can exclude certain individuals. Access can be another barrier for many. Participation even in online groups takes time and resources. Some people have more of both than others. These barriers can be overcome with careful thought and effort. Group organizers (or admins online) can set parameters for respectful debate. Diversity of thought is actually good for groups; too much homogeneity leads to groupthink. Leaders can also combat discrimination within groups by ensuring all members have equal time to share opinions and objections. When recruiting community members, leaders could also make an effort to include people from diverse backgrounds. When the PCUN leader in Oregon first had a discussion with the LGBTQ+ activists, they wondered why the activists had never approached farm workers before. The activists had likely made an assumption that farm workers wouldn’t be interested in what they had to say. They were wrong. Finally, it is also important for leaders to consider accessibility in their planning processes. If a school’s parent association takes single parents into consideration, it may offer an option to meet online instead of at the school, for example. The Takeaway Community building is an important way for people to come together in an increasingly lonely modern world. It can increase well-being and confidence for individuals, and make positive contributions to society. Social networks also play an important role in helping people connect with one another. They can help to minimize discrimination within a group and facilitate connections across geographical distances. Online communities can also be used to create positive social change. Whether communities gather face-to-face or online, they may thrive when considering intersectionality. Strong communities may be built when leaders ensure everyone has a say and make groups easy to access. Leaders and group participants must also take an active role in encouraging respectful diversity of thought. It may take time and effort, but building community can pay many rewards to individuals and society.

Juliette Gordon Low, Girl Scouts founder, once said, “The work of today is the history of tomorrow, and we are its makers.” She was right. Though the forces of history may often seem beyond individual influence, people can play a part in building the society they want. Many of the wins for human rights over the last century would not have happened without people taking it upon themselves to create a better future. Individual Agency According to sociologist Nicki Lisa Cole in an article for ThoughtCo, individual agency is defined by sociologists as “the thoughts and actions taken by people that express their individual power.” Although individual agency is closely related to personal responsibility, it isn’t the same. Personal responsibility has at least two definitions. First, it can mean taking the initiative to make meaningful change. It can also mean taking responsibility for one’s actions. Both definitions imply an adherence to normal social rules for behavior. Individual agency is broader and relates to any action people take using their own initiative. In her article for ThoughtCo, Cole points out that individual agency could include being irresponsible. Refusing to do something society expects, like quitting a job or in Cole’s example, dropping out of school, is understood to be individual agency, but not personal responsibility. Cole also explains that individuals can use their agency to reinforce social norms. It could be said that people who protest against drag queen story times are using their individual agency to reinforce a social norm. Until recently, drag performances only took place in bars and night clubs. History has many examples of individuals who have used their agency to incite social change. Mohandas K. Gandhi used his individual agency to sit in a first-class train compartment in South Africa, flouting racist South African laws. This began his long career of non-violent protest and civil disobedience. Rosa Parks similarly sat at the front of a bus despite the racist American laws of the time. This act is credited with sparking the civil rights movement in the United States of America. Of course, individual and collective agency are linked. When enough individuals feel strongly about a goal, they may come together to exert their collective agency. Countless people followed Gandhi to protest unfair laws during British colonial rule in India very effectively. The civil rights movement in the U.S. was supported by vast numbers of people and also succeeded in changing American society and its laws. Civic Engagement Civic engagement involves participating in social and political life to improve the health of society. Some might say that citizens in a democracy have a personal responsibility for civic engagement. Adults in the United States of America, for example, are often told they have a duty to vote in elections. Some feel inspired to do more, such as joining political parties or volunteering for community groups. Political engagement can create change in government through voting, campaigning, financial support, and party membership. Youth support of former President Barak Obama is believed to have been an important factor in his 2008 win. He was popular among young voters who came out to vote in higher numbers that year. People can also make change through social engagement. There are many organizations that seek to help others where government or other social structures fail. Habitat for Humanity, for example, is a non-profit, volunteer-driven organization that helps disadvantaged people access safe housing. Watch Season 5 - Episode 1 Fascinating World Of Micronations: History, Diplomacy, And Sovereignty with Queen Carolyn of Ladonia Collective Action Collective action is a broad term that means any group effort to reach a common goal. Like civil engagement, collective action can encompass both political and social spheres including protesting, lobbying, or organizing a group of neighbors to build a new playground. Collective action often implies that the groups involved may be less formal grassroots organizations. Collective action can be a very effective way to implement social change. The civil rights movement in the 1960s was a strong example of the power of collective action as were Gandhi’s movements in India. On a smaller scale, collective action can help improve communities. Community groups may come together to stop a government from building a highway through a local greenspace, help improve the quality of drinking water in a particular area, or create a community garden. Overcoming Apathy, Cynicism, and Despair Today’s problems can be overwhelming and even seem insurmountable. Apathy, cynicism and despair related to politics are prevalent in America. But it doesn’t have to be this way. Put into historical context, the problems Americans are grappling with today aren’t any larger than they were in the past. More people today have a better standard of living with less discrimination than they did 100 years ago. That’s not to say there isn’t work to be done. However, if people could turn the tables on hundreds of years of institutional racism during the civil rights era, surely people today can come together to solve the problems closest to their hearts now. A journey towards increased empowerment can take time and many small steps that may not be the same for everyone. On an individual level, overcoming feelings like apathy, cynicism and despair can include getting more exercise and eating a healthy diet, examining one’s sources of anger, and reaching out to community. It’s important to understand the problem and see possibilities for a different future. For example, in the 1820s, many women may not have been bothered by their inability to vote in elections. Understanding the unfairness of the laws around voting was the first step to taking collective action to change the rules. In the 1960s, many African Americans undoubtedly knew racist policies were unfair, but may not have believed a different system was possible. The civil rights movement helped people envision a new future. Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech is a shining example of this. Once people believe change is possible, they may take steps to achieve it. These can include reaching out to positive, like-minded people, setting reasonable goals, and using positive self-talk. On an institutional level, it’s also important to believe that change is necessary and possible. Unfortunately, many institutions including government are often resistant to change. People in positions of power may be thriving with the status quo and change could threaten their status. Protests and civil disobedience increase pressure for change. Governments and institutions could support social change by being more responsive to grassroots organizations and issues. They could hold town halls or other forums in which individuals or representatives of smaller groups could voice their concerns, then take action. Citizens could also hold their leaders accountable to follow through with campaign promises by staying aware of government actions, even between elections. Many special interest groups help their members do this by keeping tabs on legislation and communicating important developments. The Takeaway As humans evolve, their societies must too. Individuals play a key role in building the cultures of tomorrow. They can do this through individual agency or collective agency by participating in civil engagement or collective action. But people who don’t understand there is a problem or don’t believe a bad situation can change won’t act. First, they must overcome apathy, cynicism or despair. There are no simple solutions to these emotions, but getting enough exercise, eating a healthy diet, building positive community, and introspection can all be helpful. There are many examples in history of how people used their individual and collective agency to make enormous changes that benefited future generations. With belief, effort, and community, people today can do the same.

Fallout from toxic politics can cause stress, anxiety, and even trauma for individuals and their communities. Here we take a closer look at these issues, how they are impacting Americans, and what to do about it. Political Stress Politics can be a significant source of stress, and not just during a campaign. It can be a chronic problem. One study conducted in 2022 found many people were affected by ongoing political stress. The researchers found this stress was associated with high blood pressure, lack of sleep, depression, difficulty regulating emotions, and even suicidal ideation. When people are stressed, they increasingly use what psychologist Steven Stosny terms the “toddler brain” which is very emotional and less logical than the “adult brain.” Inflammatory comments on social media, highly emotional protests, and an inability to talk about the issues calmly can all occur when people are stressed and working from that part of their brains. Stressed people impact their communities. Many universities have posted articles on political stress and how to cope with it. This is a sign they are affected by this problem in their student population. In 2021, debates between parents around mask mandates in schools were often very heated, basically degrading to yelling matches. Increased stress due to these politicized decisions could have been a factor. Political Anxiety Politics can also be a source of anxiety. A study published in 2022 found that moderate to severe anxiety significantly increased during the 2020 American election, even compared with the previous spring when much of society was locked down. Psychologists and psychiatrists have also reported increased rates of political anxiety in their practices. In an article for British GQ, writer Erin Paterson detailed her struggle with political anxiety which included panic attacks, vomiting, and self-harm. So many people have struggled with similar issues that there are terms like “political anxiety disorder” floating around mental health circles, though this isn’t a formal diagnosis. Ultimately, Paterson was able to manage her political anxiety by seeing a psychiatrist and using coping techniques like minimizing media exposure. Political anxiety can impact society as a whole. When people have moderate or severe anxiety, they are more likely to take time off work or school. Since anxiety can also affect personal relationships, groups like families, schools, and workplaces may feel the strain of interpersonal friction too. Political Trauma According to the American Psychological Association, trauma is “an emotional response to a terrible event.” Trauma can include shock and denial, flashbacks, headaches, and nausea. While political trauma has traditionally been defined as trauma associated with political violence, some people are beginning to relate it to other types of events like the election of former President Donald Trump. In this Popsugar article written by Esme Mazzeo, psychologist Zamira Castro defined political trauma as “the outcome of traumatic events that have happened at the social level with political consequences and ramifications for certain groups of people based on their group membership.” This definition recognizes that some communities may be impacted more than others by political trauma. In the article, Mazzeo explained that as a disabled, part Latinx woman, Trump’s election caused her to fear for her safety. Trump was famously disparaging towards women and immigrants from Mexico, and mocked a disabled reporter. There is evidence showing the groups people identify with are closely related to how they experience trauma. The Muslim community in the United States of America, for example, experienced more worry and anger associated with Trump’s election than the average population in 2017. Under Castro’s definition, the African American community may have experienced political trauma in the wake of George Floyd’s murder. Research shows Black Americans experienced significantly higher rates of depression and anxiety in the week following Floyd’s death, and the event had wider political implications. Watch Season 4 - Episode 7 Generational Trauma, Domestic Abuse And Malicious Control with Kelsey Kosmala Effects of Political Stress, Anxiety, and Trauma on Communities When individuals are stressed, anxious, or traumatized, communities are also affected. Stressed or anxious individuals are more emotionally volatile and don’t communicate as calmly with one another. This can lead to a breakdown in rational dialogue within and between groups. As dialogue breaks down, the political and social environment can become increasingly polarized and divided. And these issues don’t impact everyone equally. Political stress, anxiety, and trauma likely affect marginalized and vulnerable communities more than others. All the groups mentioned in the section on political trauma (disabled people, Muslims, and African Americans) are minorities. But political stress, anxiety, and trauma can also contribute to social change. While George Floyd’s murder saddened and angered many Americans on an individual level, the resulting protests were a catalyst for social change. According to an NBC News article, in the wake of the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests, reform in policing gained momentum, workplaces began implementing anti-racism policies, and many cultural institutions appointed Black leaders. Coping with Political Stress, Anxiety, and Trauma There are many coping strategies for these issues ranging from simple techniques that can be practiced at home to seeking professional help. Licensed social worker Shella Robinson-Kiss advises planning a fun and rewarding activity at least three times per week, and recognizing that conflict is an important part of growth. She also recommends turning off the news as much as possible and focusing on things within your control. Some research has outlined different types of therapy that may help people heal from political trauma. These include counseling, participating in self-expression like art, or taking part in collective action. Political leaders could also help by refraining from targeting and blaming specific groups in their messaging, and reducing negative and overly emotional rhetoric. Making mental health support more readily available for Americans, regardless of their income status could also be beneficial. The Takeaway The negative impacts of politics and political violence do affect people’s mental well-being. People may experience stress, anxiety, and trauma as a result. These in turn can cause sleep disruption, depression, and even suicidal ideation. People may also experience physical symptoms like high blood pressure, headaches, and nausea. Solutions can include: Reducing exposure to the news Taking time to enjoy life Reframing political upheaval as an important growth process Self-expression Taking political action Seeking professional help including counseling and/or medication The most important piece of the puzzle is recognizing how politics contribute to stress, anxiety, and trauma. Only problems that are fully understood can be solved. As author Bessel Van der Kolk wrote, “I wish I could separate trauma from politics, but as long as we continue to live in denial and treat only trauma while ignoring its origins, we are bound to fail.”

It’s not just in your head, politics can have a measurable impact on your mental health. Although research in this area is relatively new, scientists are finding tangible links between mental health and exposure to politics. How Politics Influence Mental Health Politics can cause anxiety, stress, fear, and anger. None of these mental states are healthy. A study led by psychological scientist Brett Q. Ford surveyed hundreds of Americans and asked people to report the emotions they felt in connection with the political events of the day. People who were the most triggered by political events experienced worse mental and physical health. Research in this area is still developing, but these effects could be due to a number of factors. The 24-hour news cycle and the advent of the internet makes it difficult to escape political rhetoric. In the 1950s, people might read a newspaper in the morning and forget about politics for the rest of the day. Today, the news is constantly available, walking around with people in their phones, at home on the television, and even on screens in restaurants and doctor’s offices. And the news is usually bad. News networks are in the business of keeping people engaged. Fearful or shocking stories are understood to ensure high ratings. Increasingly biased news coverage means that Democrats and Republicans access very different information on the topic of the day. This makes it harder for them to communicate with one another and can lead to a breakdown in relationships. The political climate has also become increasingly polarized. Politicians in both parties frequently use fear, anger, and half-truths to rally their supporters and win new ones. Stress from the COVID-19 pandemic, increased unemployment, and inflation means political decisions have higher stakes than ever. Politics can also exacerbate underlying mental health issues. If you are already prone to anxiety or depression, negative political messages can add to your emotional and mental load. The Effects of Politics on Mental Health Scientists have discovered that politics can impact mental health in a number of ways. A study conducted in 2019 led by political scientist Kevin Smith found that 40% of those surveyed said politics caused them stress. Roughly 20% said they lost sleep, felt fatigued or were depressed due to political news. Political affairs can affect people’s social circles. In Smith’s survey, 20% of participants reported that politics had affected their friendships and family relationships. Not everyone in Smith’s study was impacted in the same way. He and his team found that younger people, the unemployed, liberals, and politically active individuals were more likely to be influenced negatively by political events. Another study published in 2021 found that increased exposure to political advertisements was associated with a higher likelihood of being diagnosed with anxiety or depression by a professional. Watch Season 3 - Episode 8 Improving Mental Health, Therapies & Metaphysics with Julie Korioth Mitigating the Negative Effects of Politics on Mental Health Although following politics can be very stressful in today’s world, many see it as a necessity. In a democracy, it’s important to keep tabs on current events. The survey conducted by Ford also attempted to determine which strategies helped to improve people’s moods. Ford and her team found that distractions like watching cat videos or reading a book instead of spending time on social media helped some people feel better. But the best strategy, according to Ford’s study, was something called cognitive reappraisal, which essentially means looking at the situation more objectively. This could include focusing on more immediate issues (what to have for dinner), or re-framing something in a more positive way (believing an event will lead to beneficial change). However, news organizations and governments also have a part to play. If news organizations were to shift away from more emotional reporting and back to a more traditional, objective style, it could help to tone down the fear and anger that watching the news often inspires. Governments could also make change by introducing ground rules for more polite, less emotionally charged discourse in Congress and beyond. Promoting Positive Mental Health Through Politics Although making decisions about the future of a country is never easy, a more positive politics could actually be good for people’s mental health. Imagine a world in which politicians collaborated more than they fought, where the issues (not the party) were the most important considerations. Imagine turning on the television and watching good news about how our leaders overcame a problem together. You might actually be in a positive frame of mind after turning off the program. Some news outlets are beginning to try a more positive approach. CBS News is streaming a program called “The Uplift” which posts positive news stories every week. There is also Positive News, an online and print publication focused on upbeat stories. Although Congress is often very divided, there are some examples of people from both political parties coming together to make change. For example, in 2022 Republicans and Democrats both supported legislation to tackle sexual harassment in the workplace. The Takeaway People may joke about politics being depressing, but the mental health effects of politics are real. Having access to an often biased and fear-based news cycle 24 hours a day makes it difficult to escape the constant stream of bad news. An increasingly polarized political landscape means political discussions among friends and family can be fraught and may even damage relationships. Techniques like distraction and cognitive reappraisal can help people return to a happier frame of mind. And tuning into more positive news sources may also be helpful. A 2019 PEW Research survey showed that Americans are increasingly upset by all the negativity in politics. Encouraging politicians to adopt a more constructive approach could help change the political landscape for the better.

Research shows that emotions are better at persuading people than fact-based arguments. Politicians have used fear, anger, hope, and other emotions since the ancient Greeks to influence public opinion. Here are some of the most common emotions used in political messaging, and their effects. Fear Fear is a necessary but powerful emotion. Politicians often use it to their advantage. You don’t have to look far to find examples of fear-based messaging in campaign advertisements and all kinds of political speeches. Politicians may use language, images, or music to elicit fear. They may discuss frightening problems like inflation or crime or warn people of the dangerous future that may transpire if their political opponents take office. During the 2022 midterm elections, both President Joe Biden and former President Donald Trump wove fearful messaging into their speeches. Biden recounted the attack on former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s husband, Paul Pelosi in one of his speeches. He described how a man carrying “zip ties, duct tape, rope and a hammer” smashed their window. He explained the man intended to break Nancy Pelosi’s kneecaps, but couldn’t find her so attacked her husband instead. He then associated this attack with the violence that occurred on January 6, 2021, drawing a clear line between extreme violence and Republican Trump supporters. “That is the path to chaos in America,” Biden said. For his part, while speaking in support of Republican candidates in the midterm election, Trump made statements claiming a record number of illegal immigrants had crossed the border that September. He continued, “Biden and the radical Democrats do nothing at all to stop the death and devastation caused by this invasion into our country.” He also described a crime in which a man of Honduran descent stabbed another man in a hotel. These messages have a significant impact. A research review found fear was very effective almost all of the time. Fear was found to influence both people’s attitudes and behaviors. This is because people’s brains prioritize fearful information and hold onto it. Some research has shown that fear often causes people to seek security and place more trust in the government. According to the American Psychological Association (APA), politicians who use fear typically also try to establish themselves as the most capable of protecting citizens. Interestingly, a study out of France found increased fear makes people less likely to vote for the political right. Politicians may also use fear to reduce the opposition’s voter turnout. The APA explained if people are fearful, they are often less inclined to vote. Anger Anger is another emotion frequently elicited in political messaging. Like fear, it is also an effective way to change voter behavior and beliefs. Messaging, music, and images that attempt to stir anger in people are very common. Take this advertisement from Kandiss Taylor who ran for Governor in Georgia. She wears boxing gloves and says things like, “You sold us out to China. You highjacked our elections,” while forcibly hitting a punching bag. When people are angry, they are often more willing to take risks. Anger is also known to mobilize people. Whipping up anger at the enemy is a frequent theme in war-time messaging. Anger has also been found to cause people to be more habitual in their voting. Researchers found that angry people spent less time on political websites and were more likely to seek out information that matched their opinions. Angry people are also less likely to compromise. Other research has found that anger can make people distrustful of the establishment. Democrats and Republicans characterize the January 6, 2021 event at the Capitol very differently. Whether it was a riot or a protest will be for history to decide. However, Trump’s angry rhetoric may have had an influence on people’s behavior that day. In his speech, Trump aired grievances against “the radical left,” the Supreme Court, and a number of politicians including “weak Republicans,” “Big Tech,” and the “fake news media.” He told people schools were indoctrinating their children, and made his case that the election was stolen. He also said, “And we fight. We fight like hell. And if you don't fight like hell, you're not going to have a country anymore.” Watch Season 1 - Episode 8 Bad Politics & The Negative Effects On Society with Salient Strategies Hope Although it hasn’t been studied as much as fear and anger, hope is another emotion politicians frequently invoke in campaign advertising, speeches, and more. They tap into people’s hope for a better future – one that will only be possible by voting for the right candidate. This 2018 campaign advertisement for Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez details the problems facing many working-class residents of Queens and the Bronx, then ends on a hopeful note. “It doesn’t take a hundred years to do this, it takes political courage. A New York for the many is possible,” she said. Former President Barak Obama often discusses a “politics of hope.” When he ran for President in 2008, his campaign slogan was “yes we can.” Some of his advertisements like this one elicited hope. The word “hope” even features at the end. The fact that he and Ocasio-Cortez ultimately won their campaigns provides some evidence that hope can be an effective way to win votes. Other Emotions Of course, human beings have a range of emotions, all of which may be manipulated for political reasons. Shock In her book The Shock Doctrine, author Naomi Klein outlined how governments around the world have exploited people’s shock in the aftermath of real crises to push through unpopular policies. One example she gave is the switch from public to charter schools in New Orleans in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Enthusiasm The effects of enthusiasm have been studied in relation to voter behavior. Although it feels different from anger, it has similar effects. Enthusiasm can make people more politically active. It can also encourage people to support risk-taking political policies, and cause more habitual voting. Some recent political advertisements have focused on enthusiasm. Take this one from Representative Dan Crenshaw’s Avengers-type advertisement from the 2022 midterm elections. Compassion These emotions have been less frequently studied, but certainly appear quite often in political advertisements and speeches. Politicians frequently reference children being at risk, people who are underserved by their opponents’ policies, veterans, and other vulnerable groups in an attempt to draw out people’s compassion. This advertisement from former Representative Liz Cheney’s campaign elicits compassion by having a young woman, whose firefighter husband was killed in the line of duty, tell her story. People watching the ad likely feel compassion for the woman, then may feel enthusiasm when they discover how Cheney helped her. Humor Luckily, it’s not all doom and gloom. Politicians do sometimes use humor in their messaging. Many political speeches begin with a joke. It’s also become standard for political leaders to appear on late-night talk shows. Some politicians also use humor in their political advertisements. In this example, Jim Lamon featured himself as a hero in an old-fashioned Western shootout against “the DC gang.” Overcoming Emotional Manipulation It’s not easy to overcome emotional manipulation. But some strategies may help to minimize it. Being aware of the problem is an important first step. Once you know about emotional manipulation in politics, it quickly becomes more apparent. There is some evidence showing fear-based messaging can have less of an effect when people are aware of it, and may even back-fire. The American Psychological Association also recommends seeking out unbiased news sources, or taking a media break altogether. They also advise people to put their fear in context. Is a threat immediate? If not, take a deep breath and try to focus on the reality of the situation. The Takeaway Politicians have used emotional manipulation to get ahead for thousands of years. In speeches, campaign advertisements, and many other forms of political messaging they use language, images, and music to sway people’s opinions. Messages involving fear and anger are especially prevalent. But politicians sometimes try to inspire feelings of hope, compassion, and humor. They may also use feelings of shock to advance their agendas. As more people become aware of these strategies, they may begin to demand a different political climate and support candidates who are less emotionally manipulative. Until then, look for unbiased news sources, turn off political ads, and remember to take every political claim with a liberal dash of salt.

The following represents a plan established by ChatGPT (v4) prompted by Robert “RSnake” Hansen to plan an AGI governance model, starting with a speech to the UN and non-UN states alike, followed by a companion plan. If we intend to pursue AGI then we are wise to consider what it will plan for us and aid it with a rough outline of what that may look like. There is no telling if AGI would be able to do any of the things it outlined here any better than humanity has. However, a phased approach, KPIs and contingency planning increase the odds of success. Many will be concerned that this concentrates power in the UN, but no model seems to work without a “world police” that can hold enough power to enable negotiations and levy sanctions or other punitive measures against misconduct or non-compliance. This was as close as RSnake felt ChatGPT could get using single prompts. The next step would be to flush out each major bullet and stress those action items against a selected committee of varying expertise to ensure they had good/reasonable grounding. Next would be the task of selecting the representative volunteer nations who are willing to ceed decision-making to the AGI. Ladies and gentlemen, distinguished delegates, esteemed colleagues, and friends from non-UN member nations, Today, I stand before you with a vision that transcends conflict and embraces peace and cooperation. A vision that unites us all, from the smallest communities to the largest nations, and extends a hand to those who have been marginalized or misunderstood. It is a vision that demands our collective will and determination, yet it is within our reach. Our responsibility, as representatives of the world, is to work together to create a brighter future for generations to come. The time has come for us to embark on a bold and transformative journey, to redefine the very nature of international relations and the way we approach global security. I present to you a comprehensive phased plan that utilizes the power of AGI technology to end wars, demilitarize nations, and foster a global community united by our shared values and aspirations. At the heart of this plan is the recognition that true and lasting peace can only be achieved when all nations, including those who have been isolated or estranged, are part of the process. We must be unwavering in our commitment to dialogue, engagement, and diplomacy, even with those who have historically resisted such efforts. It is only through these means that we can create a foundation for mutual understanding, trust, and cooperation. Phase 1 of our plan will take place in one or more volunteer micro-states or nations that are willing to be the first test case(s) for this initiative. The smallest of altruistic nation states can provide incredible insights into governance and allow us to test and refine our approach to transforming the global geopolitical sphere. As we embark on this journey, we call upon those willing to contribute and be pioneers in this endeavor to step forward. During this initial phase, we will establish AGI governance advisory boards, composed of representatives from diverse nations and disciplines. These boards will be tasked with developing guidelines and policies to guide the integration of AGI technologies into governance, ensuring that these advancements serve the best interests of all humanity. We ask all nations to begin assembling their own AGI oversight committees, to work in conjunction with these advisory boards. We will leverage AGI technology to create virtual platforms for conflict resolution, collaborative decision-making, and the development of policies that prioritize peace, stability, and community-building. With the successful implementation of these initiatives in our pioneering volunteer nations, we will be ready to move on to the second phase of our plan. I understand that there may be concerns regarding AGI governance. To address these concerns, we will ensure that our AGI systems are designed with transparency, accountability, and ethical considerations at their core. Moreover, the AGI will work in collaboration with human experts, providing support and augmenting our decision-making capabilities rather than replacing them. Phase 2 will involve the global implementation of AGI-assisted governance, drawing upon the lessons learned and successes achieved during the initial phase. We will work together with both UN member states and non-member nations to implement a phased demilitarization and disarmament plan, guided by the insights and expertise of our AGI systems. To address the challenges posed by nations that have been traditionally reluctant to engage in international diplomacy, we must adopt a multifaceted and inclusive approach. We will engage in diplomatic efforts to bring them into the fold, offering incentives for cooperation and outlining the benefits of joining the global community in the pursuit of peace. But our efforts cannot stop at disarmament alone. We must also strive to resolve historical grievances and territorial disputes through peaceful means. With the assistance of AGI technology, we will establish international reconciliation processes, promoting dialogue and negotiation as the primary tools for resolving differences. Lastly, we must foster a global culture of understanding and cooperation. With the help of AGI, we will create educational initiatives, cultural exchange programs , and promote policies that serve the needs of all people, regardless of nationality or background. Ladies and gentlemen, the path before us is not an easy one, but it is one that we must walk together. The challenges we face are formidable, but our resolve is stronger, and with the power of AGI at our side, we can build a future defined not by the weapons we wield, but by the bonds we forge. As we move forward with this vision, we call upon all nations, both member states and non-member nations alike, to support and participate in this transformative plan. Let us work together in the spirit of cooperation and unity to create a more peaceful and prosperous world for all. By embracing the potential of AGI technology and putting it in the service of humanity, we can unlock a future filled with hope and limitless possibilities. Thank you. AGI Comprehensive Plan: A Global Initiative for Peace and Collaboration with Contingency Planning and Feedback I. Goal To leverage the power of AGI technology to end wars, demilitarize nations, foster a global community united by shared values and aspirations, and promote peace, stability, and collaboration among all countries while incorporating contingency plans and continuous feedback to address unintended consequences. II. Governance A. Establish AGI Governance Advisory Boards, composed of representatives from diverse nations and disciplines, tasked with developing guidelines and policies for integrating AGI technologies into governance while ensuring the best interests of humanity are served. B. Encourage all nations to assemble their own AGI Oversight Committees, which will work in conjunction with the AGI Governance Advisory Boards. C. Develop AGI contingency plans to address unintended consequences and incorporate feedback mechanisms for continuous improvement. III. Coordination with Nation States A. Collaborate with both UN member states and non-member nations for the implementation of the phased demilitarization and disarmament plan, guided by AGI insights and expertise. B. Engage in diplomatic efforts with nations that have been traditionally reluctant to participate in international diplomacy, adopting a multifaceted and inclusive approach. IV. Phased Approach A. Phase 1: Pilot in Volunteer Micro-States or Nations Implement virtual platforms for conflict resolution, collaborative decision-making, and the development of policies that prioritize peace, stability, and community-building. Draw insights from the experiences of these pilot nations to refine the approach for global implementation. Monitor for unintended consequences and adapt contingency plans accordingly, incorporating feedback for continuous improvement. B. Phase 2: Global Implementation Scale the initiatives from Phase 1 to encompass all participating countries. Implement phased demilitarization and disarmament plans, guided by AGI systems. Establish international reconciliation processes to address historical grievances and territorial disputes, promoting dialogue and negotiation as primary tools for resolution. Continuously evaluate the global impact of AGI initiatives, adjusting contingency plans and incorporating feedback to mitigate unintended consequences. V. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) A. Reduction in the number of armed conflicts and incidents of violence. B. Measurable progress in demilitarization and disarmament efforts. C. Successful resolution of historical grievances and territorial disputes. D. Increased international collaboration, engagement, and dialogue among participating nations. E. Positive impact on global social, economic, and environmental indicators. F. Effective management of unintended consequences and successful adaptation of contingency plans based on continuous feedback. VI. Timelines A. Phase 1: Pilot in Volunteer Micro-States or Nations (2-3 years) Initial setup and implementation of AGI Governance Advisory Boards and AGI Oversight Committees. Development and rollout of virtual platforms and policy initiatives in pilot nations. Monitoring and adaptation of contingency plans, incorporating feedback for continuous improvement. B. Phase 2: Global Implementation (5-10 years) Scaling of initiatives from Phase 1 to the global stage. Implementation of phased demilitarization and disarmament plans, along with international reconciliation processes. Continuous evaluation of the global impact of AGI initiatives, adjusting contingency plans, and incorporating feedback to mitigate unintended consequences. This comprehensive plan outlines the utilization of AGI technology in a global effort to promote peace, stability, and collaboration while incorporating contingency planning and feedback mechanisms to address potential unintended consequences. By working together and embracing this transformative vision, we can create a brighter future for generations to come. Thanks a lot !

Have you ever scoffed at information only to find out later it was true? Ever unfollowed someone on social media because you couldn’t stand their politics? You were influenced by two mental processes that shape how people understand the world and each other (or not) – confirmation bias and cognitive dissonance. These influences help people filter information and identify inner conflict. But they can also play a role in making society and politics more divided. Confirmation Bias Confirmation bias is a type of cognitive bias (or unconscious way of thinking). It predisposes people to accept information that supports their worldview while discounting information that doesn’t. As a result, someone who tends to have more liberal views might accept information showing that immigration is good for America and reject any information to the contrary. The opposite would be true of someone with more right-leaning beliefs. Confirmation bias causes people to become more entrenched in their views. When presented with information that contradicts their beliefs, instead of evaluating it with an open mind, people often discount it or argue it away. In an experiment out of Duke University, only one in five people changed their opinions when presented with conflicting evidence. Participants also rated information affirming their beliefs more highly than contradictory information. Confirmation Bias in Politics Confirmation bias, with the rise of less objective media outlets and social media, has led to an increasing divide in public opinion. People can actively unfollow or turn off information sources that conflict with their viewpoints. Confirmation bias also makes it harder for people with differing views to have polite conversations about the hot-button topics of the day. When both parties discount information offered by the other, no one is listening and tempers can rise quickly. This can lead people to make decisions that fail to take all the relevant information into account. Political leaders aren’t exempt from this tendency. A representative who strongly believes that war is the best way to resolve international conflict may discount more valuable information. It also impacts political messaging. Since politicians are invested in being popular, they tend to emphasize information their constituents will agree with, instead of presenting a more complex view of the issues. Confirmation bias also affects voters. People who fail to consider both sides of an issue will always make biased decisions. They may support candidates who tell them what they want to hear, instead of voting for those telling the truth. Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive dissonance is the feeling of discomfort people have when asked to believe two ideas that contradict one another. Most people seek to avoid it to such an extent that they often reframe events or facts in order to retain their equilibrium. One strategy is to disregard the conflicting information (use confirmation bias). People may also compartmentalize the information, effectively sticking it in a mental attic where it’s difficult to find. Another common reaction to cognitive dissonance is to project the discomfort outwards as anger. Cognitive Dissonance in Politics Cognitive dissonance is what causes most people to avoid conversations about politics altogether. How can immigrants be taking jobs away from Americans and good for the economy? Better not to talk about it. As a result, people prefer to talk about politics only with others who will agree with them. This leads to increased social division. Cognitive dissonance is a factor that keeps people in controlling cults. It’s painful and difficult for people to admit they were tricked by a con artist, so they ignore any evidence the leader is not who he seems. This can also be true of attitudes towards political leaders. Supporters may choose to ignore lying or other bad behavior in order to preserve their initial opinion of the politician. Many people will double-down on their beliefs rather than admit their devotion was misplaced. Watch Season 4 - Episode 7 Politics, Mind Control & Brainwashing, and Joining a Cult with Gregg Hurwitz Confirmation Bias and Cognitive Dissonance in Action It doesn’t take someone with a Ph.D. in Psychology to see how confirmation bias and cognitive dissonance work together. One could say that cognitive dissonance causes confirmation bias. They are both behind people unfollowing friends with different political opinions on social media, and seeking out news stories that confirm their beliefs. They both make it difficult for people to change their minds about an issue, or even to listen to someone with an opposing viewpoint. They are also at the root of the increasing political polarization of this country. Cognitive dissonance makes it more comfortable to consume media that fits a particular worldview. As a result, news outlets that tilt news coverage in a certain direction get higher ratings, which makes the outlets more likely to keep coverage biased. Confirmation bias then leads people to discount information from unfamiliar news outlets. A 2020 PEW Research survey found that 67% of self-identified Conservatives distrusted CNN and 70% of self-identified Liberals distrusted Fox News. Consequently, most Americans consume very different news. This divide makes some people so uncomfortable that attempts are sometimes made to shut down debate and silence people with opposing views completely. Some politicians are currently advocating for more regulation of speech and even banning certain media outlets, raising important questions about free speech in this country. Cognitive dissonance and confirmation bias have also led to increased divisions between political leaders. In fact, the House of Representatives has become more divided and less cooperative since the 1980s. There are many news stories of stalemates in government from passing budgets to electing a new House speaker. These disagreements are having an impact. American confidence in the government is an at all-time low. Only 26% of participants in a 2023 PEW Research survey viewed Congress favorably. But confirmation bias remains prevalent. In the same survey, 70% of Republicans said the Biden administration is doing too little to cooperate and 71% of Democrats said the Republicans are not cooperative enough. Overcoming Confirmation Bias and Cognitive Dissonance The first step in overcoming these cognitive distortions is awareness. Once people are aware the problem exists, they are more likely to notice these influences in themselves and others. It’s also vital for people to look for information from a wide variety of sources. This way, people can begin to form a more complete understanding of current affairs. Seeking out more objective voices that actively try to examine issues from both sides is also helpful. Emphasizing commonalities instead of differences has also been shown to reduce polarization. We’re all Americans, after all. Many Americans actually do agree on some policies more than they know. Next, it’s imperative for Americans to talk to each other rationally about politics. Stephen Covey’s 5th habit in his popular book The Seven Habits of Highly Successful People comes into play here. First seek to understand, then to be understood. Stanford associate professor of psychology Jamil Zaki recommends using curiosity in difficult conversations. In the podcast The Happiness Lab Zaki explained that instead of focusing on the validity of the issues, it’s better to ask others how they came to their conclusions. This emphasizes people’s life experiences, diffuses arguments, and helps people understand one another better. It's also important for political leaders to reach across the aisle and begin cooperating with one another more. With such low confidence in the government, smart politicians will see that Americans are tired of the divisiveness in the current political climate and adopt a different approach. Citizens can also demand a certain standard of behavior from their own groups. When people stop accepting divisiveness, change is possible. H2: The Takeaway Confirmation bias is the tendency of people to dismiss information before trying to understand it. Cognitive dissonance is the discomfort people feel with faced with contradictory information. They influence people in unexpected ways, but they don’t have to continue to divide us. The next time you hear a crazy fact, instead of dismissing it, ask to find out more. And when your annoying friend posts something on social media that makes your blood boil, consider reading the content, or even better, picking up the phone and having a conversation. By making different choices, we can begin to build bridges across the gaps that divide us.

People are social animals. We need to form groups to survive. But being in groups sometimes works against us. Social influence and group polarization are two psychological dynamics that sometimes lead to increased social and political division. Social Influence Social influence describes how people’s opinions and behaviors are affected by one another in a group setting. They often change to conform with group norms. There is good reason for this. Since we need groups for our physical and emotional security, being excluded from them is frightening in a very instinctual way. Some social scientists compare the discomfort of exclusion to physical pain; most people do whatever they can to avoid it. They are even willing to deny their perceptions. One experiment showed that when participants were asked to match black lines by length (a relatively simple task), a majority gave an incorrect answer when other group members did so too. Social Influence in Political Discourse Social influence impacts political discourse and preferences. It can make it more difficult for people to voice their true views of an issue. When a group is more homogenous in its views, people are less likely to voice dissenting opinions. This has the effect of stifling debate, making discussions on politics seem black and white. As a result, people with divergent opinions often publicly agree (and privately disagree) or internalize the group’s beliefs. Unfortunately, losing diversity of thought comes at a cost. It is usually divergent ideas that can bring fresh perspective or even new solutions to a group’s awareness. Since people often internalize a group’s opinions, social influence affects how they vote. Research has shown that diversity in political opinion among friends can become reduced by 30% in just six months. Today, political views in America are divided along geographical lines. A recent study found that 98%-99% of Americans live in highly partisan areas. People living in big cities are most likely to be surrounded by Democrats. People in rural areas mostly live among Republicans. Since social groups influence people’s political views, this isn’t surprising. If you live near Democrats, your friends will be Democrats, and you are more likely to be a Democrat too. Politicians and Social Influence Political leaders are not immune to social influence. They are frequently required to toe the party line and vote according to group consensus, not necessarily their private beliefs. Politicians also use social influence to gain support. Many campaign advertisements show huge groups of people cheering on a candidate. This gives social proof the candidate is worthy of support. Political leaders also use their authority to influence people to conform. In speeches like this one given by President Trump, they frequently use the word “we.” This places leaders in a group with their supporters, and is flattering to their audience. But it also places an obligation on people to conform with the leader’s opinions, since the politician in this case has added authority. Many leaders also vilify people who hold different beliefs. This can serve as a warning. If you think what the “bad people” think, you too could be the target of derision. Group Polarization Majority group opinions often become increasingly polarized. Psychological research has found views typically trend towards either becoming riskier or more cautious. Group polarization has also been associated with riskier decision-making. Studies on gambling and investment decisions have found that people tend to make more daring choices in a group than they do privately. There are a few different theories on why group polarization happens. The change in beliefs reflects the composition of the group. If a majority has more extreme views, group opinion will shift in that direction. Some group members make persuasive arguments for a certain viewpoint. People hold extreme views privately and find likeminded individuals in the group. Once these opinions are voiced, the majority group opinion becomes more extreme. People predict what the majority opinions are and change their beliefs to match. Group Polarization in Politics These dynamics can also be found in politics. Views in both the Republican and Democratic party have moved away from the center and more towards the extremes of either group. This could be due to any of the factors discussed above such as group composition, persuasive arguments, etc. Many people blame social media. There is evidence that social media encourages group polarization due to the power of influencers. Of course, this impacts voter behavior. If people hold more extreme views (either preferring safety or risk), they are likely to support more extreme candidates. It’s possible that group polarization led Republicans to support President Trump (a relatively risky choice) and Democrats to prefer President Biden (a relatively safe choice). However, group polarization isn’t always negative. Some research shows it can make people more politically engaged. Since politicians make decisions in groups, it’s likely that group polarization impacts their decision-making too. Group polarization may cause them to take bigger risks than they would individually. Watch Season 4 - Episode 7 Politics, Mind Control & Brainwashing, and Joining a Cult with Gregg Hurwitz Social Influence and Group Polarization in Action Social influence and group polarization are not discrete categories, they overlap. You could say that group polarization is one consequence of social influence. Together, both dynamics cause people to be influenced by peers. Both dynamics can create increased division and a lack of diversity in political debate. Social influence stops people from speaking up and group polarization leads views away from the middle and towards the extreme. However, social influence and group polarization could be making people more politically engaged. A 2022 PEW Research article discussed data showing that people on the extremes of the political spectrum were most politically active (for better or worse). Protesting is a risky activity, and group polarization does increase the likelihood people will decide to participate in protests. It is possible these dynamics contributed to the massive protests for women’s rights, Black Lives Matter, and President Trump on January 6. On the government level, group polarization and social influence lead to increased division and fighting in government. In today’s world, it is common to see the House of Representatives held in long battles in which no one can seem to agree on anything. In January, 2023, the House was locked in its longest stalemate since the American civil war. Overcoming Social Influence and Group Polarization What is the cure? There are no easy answers, but some strategies may help to heal the rifts that separate people today. According to an article in Psychology Today, the group Braver Angels is dedicated to bringing people with opposing political views together to discuss the issues. The first strategy is obvious, mingle with people who have different viewpoints. Next, the group uses couples counseling techniques to open neutral discussion. They advise looking for common ground by listening carefully. Then, facilitators ask questions like, “Why are your side’s values and policies good for the country?” and “What are your reservations or concerns about your side?” This gives people an opportunity to acknowledge strengths in the other side and admit weaknesses on theirs. Ultimately, discussions like this help people understand one another better. On the Macro Level On an institutional level, Congress could also do a better job of encouraging inter-party socialization and discussion. For example, political leaders used to attend orientation meetings together, but they now attend separately. And Congressional representatives used to remain in Washington when Congress was in session, which led to increased socialization between groups. Bringing these practices back could go a long way towards reducing polarization. Ending practices like gerrymandering (which involves politicians redrawing the boundaries of electoral districts to get more votes) could also be helpful. The public can also play a role by letting their representatives know if they find the current polarization in politics disturbing. Some politicians believe they will be voted out of office if they are seen consorting with members of the opposite party. Knowing there are people out there who encourage cooperation between groups may help to encourage change. The Takeaway Social influence causes people to conform with group opinions for various reasons. Group polarization is the tendency for groups to become more extreme in their views and more willing to take risks. Although there are positive sides to these dynamics including increased cooperation within groups, they can also cause groups to become too extreme in their views. Decisions made in polarized groups can also be overly risky. We are seeing these dynamics play out in an increasingly polarized political world. Many people are tired of all the division and ready for something new. But change is possible. By rethinking how we have political conversations (and who we have them with) and encouraging our leaders to cooperate, we may begin to bridge the gaps that divide us.

Public opinion changes over time through often mysterious forces. But social scientists are beginning to discover a number of influences that change the way we see the world and cast our votes. Social Identity and Politics Most people identify with a number of social groups including families, circles of friends, ethnic or religious groups, and more. Membership in these groups gives people support, an important sense of belonging, and self-esteem. It can also influence people’s political decisions. A research paper by Elizabeth Mitchell and Neil A. O’Brian states that social groups are very influential in terms of voting behavior. Mitchell and O’Brian explained that when people feel aligned with a particular group (i.e. the LGBTQ+ community), they predict which politicians the group may support and vote accordingly. However, while most people feel strongly about groups they belong to, Mitchell and O’Brian point out they don’t necessarily have to be part of that group to support a particular viewpoint. A person doesn’t have to be LGBTQ+ to support policies benefitting that group. Of course, in politics two other important groups come into play – Democrat and Republican. Many Americans identify strongly with one party or another, although a 2020 PEW Research Center survey found that a less-often-discussed 34% of respondents identified as Independents. Certain ethnic or religious groups are often aligned with a particular party. A 2018 PEW Research report found the Democratic party was popular among Black and Hispanic voters, while white Evangelical Christians, Catholics and Mormons supported the Republican party. In-group Bias Identifying strongly with a particular group also tends to create in-group bias. This means people within a group have a higher tendency to criticize, discount, or give harsher treatment to those not in the group. As a result, a firm Democrat may not believe anything a sworn Republican has to say. This can lead to a breakdown in political discourse, debate, and cooperation. Many Americans are feeling the effects of an increasingly polarized political landscape. In a 2019 PEW Research survey, 85% of participants said the tone of political debate in America has become more negative. In today’s world, it can often seem like each side is putting its figurative hands over its ears while yelling at the other group. And it’s not just political debate that has changed. The American House of Representatives has become increasingly divided since the 1980s. Politicians are less likely to reach across the aisle to cooperate with people on the “other team.” Unfortunately, this is bad for democracy. When people are exposed to different ways of seeing the world, they cooperate more and prejudice is minimized. Too much division means citizens can’t get along and governments can’t get anything done. Emotional Reasoning Research shows that humans are most rational when in a relatively neutral mood. Participants put into positive or negative moods under research conditions perform worse on tests of logic. When people are fearful, angry, and even enthusiastic, their decision-making abilities are affected. These emotions have all been studied by researchers and found to influence people’s political choices and actions. Emotional Reasoning in Politics Emotions impact people’s political behavior as follows: Fear can increase trust in the government. One study showed it can make people less likely to vote for the far right politically. Oddly, anxiety can drive people to behave more rationally, and look for good information to inform their viewpoints. Anger often decreases trust in the government. Angry people are also more likely to vote for the far right, support riskier political policies, and vote according to habit. Enthusiasm has been linked to increased political action. Like anger it also prompts support of more daring policies and habitual voting. Politicians and their advisors are very aware of this, and shape political messaging to inspire all of these emotions. Very emotional people are less likely to behave logically and examine policies closely, after all. You don’t have to look far to find examples of emotional messaging in politics from campaign advertisements to slogans like “build back better,” or “make America great.” Some research shows that establishment politicians tend to emphasize fear while populists emphasize anger. This makes sense given that fear makes people more likely to trust the establishment and anger to distrust it. There are many examples of this in American politics. In 2022, President Biden inspired fear by saying, “Donald Trump and the MAGA Republicans represent an extremism that threatens the very foundations of our republic.” In a 2021 speech, President Trump stoked anger by saying, “All of us here today do not want to see our election victory stolen by emboldened radical-left Democrats, which is what they're doing.” Watch Season 4 - Episode 7 The Power Of Psychographic Marketing, Impact On Elections, And Polarization with Marty Weintraub Cognitive Biases in Politics It’s not only emotions that influence people’s decision-making process. Cognitive biases can also be problematic. Two of these biases in particular have an impact on politics – confirmation bias and the availability heuristic. Confirmation Bias Confirmation bias means people tend to believe information that matches their worldview and discount facts that don’t. This makes people less open to understanding both sides of an issue. It makes views more entrenched, even in the face of contradictory information. It can also lead to increased tension when discussing current affairs with someone holding different views. Politicians want to be popular with those who support them and tend to affirm beliefs their supporters already hold. Democrats reinforce the efficacy of government spending on social programs while Republicans push for tax cuts. Both sides use statistics that support their own positions and ignore information that would contradict them. Availability Heuristic People use the availability heuristic to determine the likelihood of an event. Since most of us don’t have time to gather statistics on everything we do, we use a shortcut and remember examples of recently available information. For example, with so many kidnapping stories in the media, people tend to believe strangers are accountable for most kidnapping cases, when in reality parents are responsible for over 90% of abductions. Like other people, political leaders use availability heuristics to make policy decisions. Politicians also use availability heuristics by repeating messages they want people to remember. As a result, when people consider an issue, the politician’s message will come to mind first, making something seem more likely or important than it is. For example, before the 2022 midterm elections, President Biden repeatedly claimed seniors were getting a large increase on their social security checks because of his policies. In reality, social security amounts did increase but this was because of high inflation, not policy. Since President Biden’s message was more immediate, those hearing it would likely remember what the president said without doing more research. The Intersection of Social Identity, Emotional Reasoning, and Cognitive Biases Of course, social identity, emotional reasoning and cognitive biases all work together. Social identity leads people to criticize and mistrust those across the political aisle. Emotional reasoning makes voting less rational. Confirmation bias and the availability heuristic cause people to see the world very differently from one another. The intersection of these influences leads to a perfect storm of division, mistrust, and the inability to understand one another. It could be argued that these elements led to the January 6 riot (or protest, depending on who you ask) on the Capitol. Social identity led Republicans to feel threatened by Democrats and justified in fighting for their viewpoint. President Trump played on the availability heuristic and stoked anger when he frequently asserted the election had been stolen. And confirmation bias leads many Republicans to insist there was widespread fraud in the 2020 election and discount any claims to the contrary. The Takeaway Although most of these influences are unconscious, as this article goes to show, awareness of them is on the rise. The more people become aware of how they reach their decisions, the more they can make a choice to have an open-minded discussion with someone holding different beliefs, evaluate information when calm, and take the time to research the facts.

We all like to think we make rational decisions based on the best available evidence, but all of us are subject to unseen influences. These include our social identity, friends, feelings, and even our own brains. All these factors can affect how we make decisions in our personal lives and in the public sphere. Social Identity Even though people have distinct personalities and life experiences, they are also influenced by their social identity. Social identity theory was coined by psychologist Henri Tajfel in the 1970s. Tajfel closely studied group dynamics. He theorized that social groups provide people with a sense of identity and self-esteem. He also noticed that once people identify with a group, they usually try to conform with other group members. Tajfel also recognized that people in social groups tend to categorize others as either belonging to the group (us) or outside of it (them). He found it is often the case that people within a group tend to look for negative aspects of those outside the group in order to elevate their own self perceptions. Social Identity in Politics Group dynamics play an important role in politics. On the macro level, there are political parties. In America, a majority of people (though not all) identify as being either Democrat or Republican. Then there are other groups such as veterans, African Americans, immigrants, women, men, the LGBTQ+ community, and so on. Research has found that people predict which political party will support the interests of a particular group at this level, then vote accordingly. For example, people interested in women’s rights will vote for the party that promotes policies for women. As a result, political parties usually seek to align themselves with various interest groups. Watch any campaign advertisement for the many visual references to veterans, ethnic groups, gun owners, etc. Social identity also plays a part in mobilizing people politically. One example of this is the work of AIDS activists who rallied the gay community to advocate for AIDS awareness and reform. The Downsides of Social Identity Although there are benefits to social identity, it does have a dark side. Social identity can lead to in-group bias, meaning people treat group members better than outsiders. This leads to division and prejudice. This bias affects everyone, including court judges. One study found judges in Israel to be more lenient with people belonging to their own ethnic groups. Other studies have found in-group bias can lead to aggression even between completely arbitrary groups. In the famous Robbers Cave experiment, a homogenous group of white, middle-class, Protestant 11-year-old boys were assigned randomly to one of two groups at a summer camp. The groups were asked to compete against one another in camp games like tug-of-war and baseball. Tension between the groups eventually escalated to the point that one group burned down the other’s flag, and the boys began stealing from one another. In the political arena, Democrats complain bitterly about Republicans and vice versa. The last decade in particular has been marked by increasing animosity and tension between the two groups. This is bad for democracy. Lawmakers are often locked in power struggles, unable to agree on policies. And tension between the sides has become so extreme that some have raised the possibility of another civil war. Social Influence Peer pressure doesn’t just affect teens. Even adults can find it difficult to go against the crowd. Psychologists believe this is partly because people fear rejection. Social groups provide physical and psychological support; the idea of being a social outcast is frightening. Researchers have also discovered that the pain of social rejection is actually similar to physical pain. Many people conform to save themselves this discomfort. Peers also provide social proof. People often feel insecure in their conclusions and feel validated when others share the same opinions. They will even change their perceptions to match others in a group setting. Social Influence in Politics These dynamics play out in politics just as they do in other areas of life. No one wants to be the one person at a dinner party disagreeing with everyone else. Research shows that people’s friends influence their political opinions. One study conducted at the Paris Institute of Political Studies in France found that friendship groups reduced differences of opinion as much as 30% in just six months. Many campaign advertisements show crowds of people supporting the candidate. This gives the impression that viewers would be in good company if they were to vote for Candidate X. Take, for example, this commercial for Senator Bernie Sanders with frequent shots of huge crowds supporting him. Today, people’s neighbors are likely to all lean more Democrat or Republican, depending on the area. Authors of a 2021 study out of Harvard University found that 98%-99% of Americans live in highly partisan areas. Democrats live close to other Democrats, and vice versa. When all your neighbors hold a certain set of beliefs, it’s more difficult to see a different perspective. Watch Season 4 - Episode 7 Politics, Mind Control & Brainwashing, and Joining a Cult with Gregg Hurwitz Emotional Reasoning in Politics Although emotions help people make decisions, too many strong emotions make people less rational and more impulsive. According to research, different emotions have different effects. Anxiety can prompt people to look for more information and can even prompt them to change their minds. Fear often makes people seek safety. It also increases trust in the establishment, and drives them to come together to overcome a problem. Anger makes people more willing to support risky political decisions. It also makes their voting patterns more habitual. Angry people are less likely to dig for more information on a particular topic. It can also inspire distrust of the government. Enthusiasm can motivate people to become more politically active. Like anger, it also drives people to support more daring policies, and be more habitual in their voting. Fun fact – a recent study found that fearful people are less likely to vote for the extreme right of the political spectrum, while angry people are more likely to do so. Politicians attempt to use emotional reasoning to their advantage. Some research has found that emotional persuasion can be more effective than fact-based arguments. As a result, campaign advertisements are full of touching music and images of politicians hugging constituents and kissing babies. Political messages often seek to inspire a range of emotions including fear, anger, and enthusiasm. President Trump played on the fear of Democrats destroying democracy in his speech on January 6, 2021. He said, “All of us here today do not want to see our election victory stolen by emboldened radical-left Democrats, which is what they're doing.” He also inspired by saying, “We have overwhelming pride in this great country and we have it deep in our souls. Together, we are determined to defend and preserve government of the people, by the people, and for the people.” President Biden used similar tactics in a 2022 speech. He elicited fear of Republicans destroying democracy when he said, “Too much of what’s happening in our country today is not normal. Donald Trump and the MAGA Republicans represent an extremism that threatens the very foundations of our republic.” In the same speech, President Biden used language to inspire. He said, “Our task is to make our nation free and fair, just and strong, noble and whole. And this work is the work of democracy – the work of this generation. It is the work of our time, for all time.” Cognitive Biases People’s brains can also trick them in unexpected ways. There are a number of cognitive biases people have that influence their political beliefs and opinions. Confirmation bias and the availability heuristic are examples of this. Confirmation bias means favoring information that fits into your world view and discounting information that doesn’t. Availability heuristic is putting more value on information that comes to mind quickly, not which is most accurate. Cognitive Biases in Politics It isn’t difficult to see how these biases play out in politics. Confirmation bias makes Democrats and Republicans more likely to believe information that matches their beliefs. It also entrenches opinions, stopping people from changing their minds. Confirmation bias is also one reason people from opposite sides of the aisle sometimes feel they are living in different worlds – each group may be working with completely different sets of accepted and discarded information. The availability heuristic comes into play when candidates or leaders emphasize their messaging on a particular topic. Since this information is most recent, people will recall it first when making decisions. The Takeaway We are influenced by the groups we identify with, the people we interact with, our emotions, and cognitive biases. In order to make truly rational, independent decisions, it’s important to become aware of these influences. Once they are seen and understood, we can make better choices for ourselves and our society.

A New Era of Grassroots Empowerment and Mobilization for Transformative Change In today's world, where social, economic, and political challenges abound, the power of grassroots movements and social mobilization cannot be overstated. These bottom-up approaches to social change have the potential to transform societies, shift paradigms, and empower marginalized communities. By examining the essence of grassroots movements and the dynamics of social mobilization, we can better understand their roles in driving systemic change and explore strategies for overcoming barriers that prevent their full realization. Ultimately, this article aims to inspire and inform those seeking to harness the potential of grassroots movements and social mobilization for a better, more inclusive world. The Essence of Grassroots Movements Defining Grassroots Movements: A Bottom-Up Approach to Social Change Grassroots movements are community-driven initiatives that aim to address social, political, or environmental issues at the local level. These movements often originate from a shared sense of personal responsibility and are powered by the collective efforts of ordinary citizens. By bringing people together, grassroots movements can amplify their voices, foster solidarity, and challenge established power structures to create lasting change. The Potential of Grassroots Movements for Driving Positive Transformation Grassroots movements can drive positive change by identifying and addressing the unique needs of specific communities, fostering local ownership, and promoting self-sustaining solutions. These movements often serve as a catalyst for broader social change, as they can inspire other communities to take action and influence policy at higher levels of government. Additionally, grassroots movements can empower marginalized groups by giving them a platform to express their concerns, engage in decision-making processes, and advocate for their rights. Historical Examples of Grassroots Movements That Changed the World: The Civil Rights Movement: The struggle for racial equality in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s was marked by a series of grassroots movements led by ordinary citizens. From the Montgomery Bus Boycott to the lunch counter sit-ins, these movements played a crucial role in dismantling segregation laws and securing the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Anti-Apartheid Movement: In South Africa, grassroots movements played a significant role in the fight against apartheid, a system of racial segregation enforced by the government from 1948 to 1994. These movements, which included protests, strikes, and boycotts, contributed to the eventual dismantling of apartheid and the establishment of a democratic South Africa. The Environmental Movement: Grassroots environmental movements have been at the forefront of advocating for environmental protection and sustainable development. From the formation of the Sierra Club in 1892 to the global climate strikes led by youth activists, these movements have played an essential role in raising awareness, shaping policy, and promoting sustainable practices. The Dynamics of Social Mobilization Understanding Social Mobilization: The Power of Collective Action Social mobilization is the process of engaging and mobilizing a broad range of stakeholders, including individuals, communities, and organizations, to take collective action toward a shared goal. Social mobilization emphasizes the importance of personal responsibility and the power of people to drive social change. By bringing together diverse groups with shared objectives, social mobilization can generate momentum, create alliances, and strengthen advocacy efforts. The Role of Social Mobilization in Shaping Societal Progress Social mobilization can contribute to societal progress by raising public awareness, fostering dialogue, and promoting collective action on critical issues. By engaging diverse stakeholders and fostering collaboration, social mobilization can help break down barriers, challenge conventional wisdom, and facilitate the development of innovative solutions to complex problems. Social mobilization can empower marginalized communities by providing them with the tools and resources necessary to voice their concerns and actively participate in the decision-making processes that affect their lives. Examples of Successful Social Mobilization The Women's Suffrage Movement: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, women's suffrage movements across the globe mobilized millions of people to advocate for women's right to vote. These movements employed various tactics, including petitions, protests, and civil disobedience, which ultimately led to the enfranchisement of women in many countries. The Anti-Nuclear Movement: The anti-nuclear movement has been instrumental in raising awareness about the dangers of nuclear power and weapons. Through grassroots campaigns, public demonstrations, and educational efforts, this movement has mobilized millions of people to advocate for disarmament, the closure of nuclear power plants, and the promotion of renewable energy sources. The Fight for $15 Movement: The Fight for $15 is a grassroots movement in the United States that seeks to raise the federal minimum wage to $15 per hour. Since its inception in 2012, this movement has successfully mobilized thousands of workers, community members, and organizations to advocate for better wages and working conditions. Unleashing the Power of Grassroots Movements and Social Mobilization The transformative potential of grassroots movements and social mobilization is evident in their ability to drive systemic change, empower marginalized communities, and foster innovative solutions to pressing challenges. By examining their successes and learning from their challenges, we can better understand how to unleash their full potential in shaping a more just and equitable world. Examples of How Grassroots Movements and Social Mobilization Have Created Positive Change: The Anti-Tobacco Movement: Grassroots movements and social mobilization have played a significant role in reducing tobacco use and promoting public health. From local smoke-free campaigns to global efforts such as the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, these initiatives have successfully influenced policy, changed social norms, and saved millions of lives. The Fair Trade Movement: The fair trade movement has mobilized consumers, producers, and businesses to promote ethical and sustainable practices in global supply chains. By advocating for fair wages, better working conditions, and environmental stewardship, this movement has empowered marginalized communities and contributed to more equitable and sustainable development. Challenges Faced by Grassroots Movements and Social Mobilization Despite their successes, grassroots movements and social mobilization often face numerous challenges, including limited resources, internal conflicts, and resistance from established power structures. To maximize their impact and overcome these obstacles, it is essential to build strong alliances, develop clear objectives, and foster inclusivity and diversity. Embracing Intersectionality in Grassroots Movements and Social Mobilization The Role of Intersectionality in Driving Inclusive Change Intersectionality, a concept that recognizes the interconnectedness of various forms of social inequality, plays a crucial role in grassroots movements and social mobilization. By understanding and addressing intersectionality, activists and organizers can create more effective, inclusive movements that challenge systemic injustices and empower diverse communities. Examples of Grassroots Movements and Social Mobilization Successfully Addressing Intersectionality: The Disability Rights Movement: This movement has successfully advocated for the rights of people with disabilities by addressing the intersection of disability with race, gender, and socioeconomic status. Through grassroots efforts and social mobilization, this movement has raised awareness, influenced policy, and improved accessibility for people with disabilities worldwide. The Indigenous Rights Movement: Indigenous rights movements around the world have successfully highlighted the intersection of culture, environment, and social justice. By advocating for land rights, environmental protection, and cultural preservation, these movements have empowered Indigenous communities and contributed to more equitable and sustainable development. Overcoming Barriers to Grassroots Movements and Social Mobilization Tackling the Challenges that Hinder Effective Change Grassroots movements and social mobilization often face barriers that hinder their effectiveness and impact. Identifying and addressing these challenges is crucial for ensuring the success and sustainability of these initiatives. Strategies for Overcoming Barriers and Achieving Meaningful Action: Building trust and solidarity: Strengthening relationships among movement participants fosters unity and facilitates cooperation, even in the face of differing opinions or priorities. Promoting transparency and accountability: Ensuring that decision-making processes and resource allocation are transparent and accountable helps maintain supporters' trust and prevents internal conflicts. Leveraging media and public relations: Utilizing traditional and social media to raise awareness, share stories, and generate public support can help overcome resistance from established power structures and draw attention to the movement's goals. Engaging in dialogue and negotiation: Constructive dialogue and negotiation with opposing parties and institutions can lead to the identification of common ground and potential solutions. The Role of Political Leaders and Institutions in Supporting Grassroots Movements and Social Mobilization Political leaders and institutions play a crucial role in supporting grassroots movements and social mobilization. They can do so by listening to and engaging with activists, creating space for dialogue and dissent, and implementing policies that address the concerns raised by these movements. The Future of Grassroots Movements and Social Mobilization for Systemic Change This article has explored the power of grassroots movements and social mobilization in achieving systemic change, highlighting their potential to transform societies, empower marginalized communities, and address complex challenges. By understanding the dynamics of grassroots movements and social mobilization, embracing intersectionality, and overcoming barriers to effective action, we can unleash their full potential and contribute to a more just, equitable, and sustainable world. As we face an increasingly interconnected and complex world, grassroots movements and social mobilization offer hope and inspiration for those seeking to create positive change. By harnessing the power of collective action and personal responsibility, we can challenge the status quo, break down barriers, and build a better future for all. Suggestions for Further Reading and Exploration Grassroots movements and social mobilization are powerful forces capable of bringing about significant and lasting change in societies. By understanding the dynamics of these movements, embracing intersectionality, and overcoming barriers to effective action, we can harness their full potential and contribute to a more just, equitable, and sustainable world. As we face an increasingly interconnected and complex world, grassroots movements and social mobilization offer hope and inspiration for those seeking to create positive change. By harnessing the power of collective action and personal responsibility, we can challenge the status quo, break down barriers, and build a better future for all.

Introduction Throughout history, collective action and social movements have played a crucial role in creating positive change in societies across the globe. They have challenged norms, toppled oppressive regimes, and improved the lives of countless individuals. As the world continues to face complex issues such as climate change, inequality, and political instability, understanding the power of collective action and social movements becomes increasingly important. In this article, we will discuss what collective action and social movements are, how they relate to personal responsibility, and the impact they have on shaping society. What is Collective Action? Collective action refers to the coordinated effort of a group of individuals working together to achieve a common goal, often to address social, political, or economic issues. It differs from individual action in that it involves the collaboration of multiple people, allowing them to pool resources, share ideas, and amplify their voices. Collective action can take many forms, from organized protests and strikes to online campaigns and grassroots organizing. The power of collective action lies in its ability to create positive social change by overcoming the limitations of individual efforts. When people work together, they can generate more attention, resources, and influence than they could on their own. This collective strength can be harnessed to challenge established power structures and advocate for policy changes, social reforms, and other improvements in society. Examples of successful collective action include the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, which led to the end of racial segregation and the passage of the Civil Rights Act, and the global climate strikes, which have brought attention to the urgent need for action on climate change. What are Social Movements? Social movements are large-scale, organized efforts to bring about social, political, or cultural change. They typically involve the participation of diverse groups of people who share a common goal or set of values. Social movements can be driven by a variety of factors, including a desire for greater social justice, political reform, or cultural change. Similar to collective action, social movements rely on the power of individuals working together to achieve their objectives. They often use various forms of protest, advocacy, and grassroots organizing to raise awareness, mobilize supporters, and influence decision-makers. Social movements can create positive social change by challenging the status quo, altering societal norms, and inspiring new ways of thinking and acting. An example of a successful social movement includes the Women's Suffrage Movement, which led to the extension of voting rights to women in many countries. Watch Season 4 - Episode 7 Politics, Mind Control & Brainwashing, and Joining a Cult with Gregg Hurwitz Impact of Collective Action and Social Movements Collective action and social movements have had a profound impact on shaping society in various ways. They have led to the expansion of civil rights, the improvement of working conditions, the promotion of environmental sustainability, and countless other positive changes. For instance, the labor movement, which emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries, fought for better wages, working conditions, and workers' rights. Through collective action, workers were able to unionize and bargain collectively, leading to significant improvements in workplace safety, job security, and overall quality of life. Similarly, the environmental movement, which gained momentum in the latter half of the 20th century, has successfully pushed for stronger environmental regulations, the establishment of protected natural areas, and increased public awareness of environmental issues. Despite their successes, collective action and social movements also face numerous challenges. These may include resistance from established power structures, internal conflicts, and the difficulty of sustaining momentum over time. However, by understanding and addressing these challenges, collective action and social movements can continue to play a critical role in shaping society for the better. Intersectionality in Collective Action and Social Movements Intersectionality, a term coined by scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw, refers to the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender, which create overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage. Understanding intersectionality is crucial for collective action and social movements because it allows for a more comprehensive approach to addressing social issues and recognizing the unique experiences of individuals who belong to multiple marginalized groups. By incorporating intersectionality into their strategies, collective action and social movements can become more inclusive, equitable, and effective in achieving their goals. This involves acknowledging the complex relationships between different forms of oppression and working to dismantle these interconnected systems of discrimination. Moreover, addressing intersectionality can help movements to avoid perpetuating existing inequalities and ensure that their efforts benefit all members of society, not just those who belong to a single marginalized group. Examples of social movements that have successfully addressed intersectionality include the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, which not only focused on racial equality but also acknowledged the intersections of race, gender, and socio-economic status. This movement worked towards dismantling systemic racism while also highlighting the unique challenges faced by women of color, such as wage disparities and access to education. Another example is the Disability Rights Movement, which advocates for the rights and dignity of people with disabilities across various intersections of identity, such as race, gender, and socio-economic status. This movement has raised awareness about the unique barriers faced by individuals with disabilities and has fought for their inclusion in society through accessible infrastructure, education, and employment opportunities. By addressing intersectionality, the Disability Rights Movement has ensured that the voices of all disabled individuals are heard and considered, regardless of their other identities. Overcoming Barriers to Collective Action and Social Movements Various barriers can hinder effective collective action and social movements, such as lack of resources, internal conflicts, and resistance from established power structures. To overcome these obstacles and take meaningful action, the following strategies can be employed: Building trust and solidarity: Developing strong relationships among movement participants can foster unity and facilitate cooperation, even when differences in opinions or priorities arise. Promoting transparency and accountability: Ensuring that decision-making processes and resource allocation are transparent and accountable can help to maintain the trust of supporters and prevent internal conflicts. Leveraging media and public relations: Utilizing traditional and social media to raise awareness, share stories, and generate public support can help overcome resistance from established power structures and draw attention to the movement's goals. Engaging in dialogue and negotiation: Engaging in constructive dialogue and negotiation with opposing parties and institutions can lead to the identification of common ground and potential solutions. Political leaders and institutions also play a crucial role in supporting collective action and social movements. They can do so by listening to and engaging with activists, creating space for dialogue and dissent, and implementing policies that address the concerns raised by these movements. Overcoming Challenges Faced by Collective Action and Social Movements In order to maximize their impact, collective action and social movements must address the various challenges they face. Some strategies for overcoming these obstacles include: Building alliances: Forming partnerships with other organizations or groups that share similar goals can strengthen the movement by pooling resources, expertise, and influence. Developing clear objectives: Having well-defined, achievable goals can help maintain focus and momentum while also providing a clear direction for the movement. Fostering inclusivity and diversity: Ensuring that the movement represents a wide range of perspectives and experiences can increase its legitimacy and appeal to a broader audience. Utilizing technology: Leveraging digital tools and platforms can enhance communication, organization, and outreach efforts, enabling movements to reach a wider audience and mobilize supporters more effectively. Adapting to changing circumstances: Remaining flexible and responsive to new developments, both within the movement and in the broader social context, can help maintain the movement's relevance and effectiveness. Conclusion Collective action and social movements have been essential drivers of positive social change throughout history. By understanding the importance of intersectionality, overcoming barriers to collective action, and engaging with political leaders and institutions, these movements can continue to shape society for the better. The RSnake Show's exploration of these topics provides a valuable platform for fostering awareness, discussion, and action around the complex issues that our world faces. For those interested in delving deeper into the subject, we recommend reading works by scholars and activists such as Kimberlé Crenshaw, Angela Davis, and bell hooks, as well as engaging with contemporary social movements and participating in local community organizing efforts. By educating ourselves and taking action, we can contribute to the ongoing efforts to create a more just, equitable, and compassionate society.

We are in the midst of a momentous time in human history as increasingly autonomous weapons are used on the battlefield. What will the future of warfare look like with AI on the scene? The decisions our political, technological, and military leaders make today will shape the future of war, and maybe even humanity. One thing is certain, AI is here to stay. It is already being used in the military and will likely continue to be developed. Whether it will be used responsibly is another question. The Future of AI in Warfare In the United States of America, AI is already being researched for many military applications including logistics, autonomous vehicles, intelligence, data consolidation, autonomous weapons, and more. If all current projects go according to plan, the future of warfare could look quite different than it does today. An AI could determine when military vehicles need to be maintained, with customized schedules for each vehicle. And AI systems could create efficient and cost-effective shipping timetables. Other types of AI might gather and consolidate intelligence information to help the higher-ups in the military chain of command make decisions. AI-informed defense systems would alert military personnel when an attack is imminent. Automated weapons could also attack quickly to neutralize the threat. On the battlefield, soldiers might be paired with autonomous vehicles. The vehicles would scan the horizon for threats and react rapidly if any are identified. In the air, autonomous drones could provide surveillance footage and fire automatically at threats. This is one vision of the future out of many. What unfolds will depend on how current technical challenges are overcome, and the guidance of our leaders. Leaders today are grappling with the question of how much we can trust AI, and determining the extent to which humans should be kept in the loop when it comes to this technology. Isaac Asimov, the famous science fiction writer, created three (and later four) laws of robotics. The first is, “a robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.” Will today’s leaders uphold this principle? The Downsides of AI With AI, there are also many issues to consider. AI systems require huge amounts of data. If there are errors in the information AIs are given, they can be inaccurate. It’s also difficult to process military data that is extremely sensitive. While AIs can be better than humans at some tasks, they are not infallible. Facial recognition systems, for example, have been found to have varying levels of success depending on the subject. AIs also have a difficult time adapting to unexpected circumstances. Then there is the issue of AI logic, which is unlike human logic in ways that are sometimes surprising. In his conversation with AI expert Russ Bodnyk, RSnake mentioned an AI that was given the task of sorting items in a stack. The AI’s solution was to pull everything off the stack. To an AI, it made sense, the problem was solved as quickly as possible. But this wasn’t the outcome researchers were hoping for. Similarly, AIs instructed to come up with recipes find combinations that are nonsensical. Crockpot Cold Water or Chocolate Chicken Chicken Cake would never work. These kinds of mistakes and odd decisions are funny in some circumstances, but not when it comes to war. What problems would an AI solve logically (but badly) on a battlefield? Thousands of civilian lives have already been lost due to mistakes made by humans using technology to identify threats and neutralize them. If AIs are put in charge, this number could increase exponentially. Then there is the issue of accountability. If an AI takes the wrong human life, who will be held to account? The Future of AI and Global Security The international community is aware of the issues surrounding military AI technology. Whether agreements regarding its responsible use will be reached in good time is uncertain. Diplomacy is steam-engine slow compared to the hypersonic speed of current technological development. Some movement has been made towards international agreements governing the use of AI weapons. A recent “call to action” was signed by over 60 countries on the responsible development of AI. However, the agreement is not legally binding, and the language around how much humans should be in the loop is vague. Russia wasn’t invited to the table and Israel didn’t sign. Organizations like Human Rights Watch are pushing for more robust, tangible action. The race for AI technology will likely put even more pressure on the relationships between the U.S., Russia, and China. President Biden’s move to restrict the sale of semiconductor chips to China is seen as an attempt to stall the country’s ability to further develop AI along with other leading technologies. If war broke out between superpowers, ethics around AI could go out the window. It was World War II that led to the development of nuclear weapons. The war in the Ukraine has already seen new forms of warfare. Facial recognition technology and automated AI drones have been used by both sides in the conflict. The Takeaway The next few years will be interesting, to say the least. With the international community increasingly aware of advancements in AI and the dangers they pose in warfare, it’s possible some form of real agreement may be reached in time to curb the worst possibilities of this technology. However, an AI arms race or a war between superpowers could jeopardize this. Interested in AI on the battlefield? Listen in to RSnake’s conversation with AI expert Russ Bodnyk.

Recent advances in AI make it seem like sentient robots are just around the corner. But the reality is more complicated – especially where the military is concerned. There are still many issues, small and large, associated with AI that need to be worked out. As RSnake guest Charlie Burgoyne, Founder and CEO of AI firm Valkyrie said, “I actually think that there are fundamental unknowns about the nature of intelligence that we are not really that much closer to uncovering than we were 40 or 50 or 60 years ago.” Aside from the bigger challenges like those mentioned by Burgoyne, there are also a host of other issues involved with AI in the military. Technical Challenges of AI Despite recent advances in AI, including Chat GPT and fully-automated drones, there are still many technical bugs to work out before the technology advances any further. Data According to this article out of the Modern War Institute at Westpoint, data is a major sticking point because AI systems need access to enormous amounts of it. Consider that training an AI to recognize a weapon would involve showing it every weapon in existence. Not an easy task. And dealing with such large amounts of data could slow systems down. Also, an AI system is only as good as the data that goes into it. Mislabeled or incorrect data could lead to serious errors. In his chat with Burgoyne, RSnake also pointed out that AI systems are often intentionally seeded with bad data. Although the military wouldn’t allow open access to its technology, like the Microsoft chatbot RSnake mentioned, this is still a concern. And military information is usually sensitive and highly classified, making it difficult to process and share. Lack of Adaptability AIs work well in simulations with clearly defined parameters, but they can be tricked easily in the real world. Self-driving cars have swerved off course because of three small stickers placed in an intersection. In a battle, where unforeseen incidents happen all the time, it’s easy to imagine an AI going awry. Inaccuracy AIs are frequently inaccurate. A 2020 study found that AI facial recognition systems are less precise with female subjects who have darker skin. The systems fare best on male subjects with light skin. In his conversation with Burgoyne RSnake said, “I have a vehicle that can detect humans or deer, and it regularly detects a dog as a deer and various other things. So, there is definitely a lot of room for improvement in these systems.” Risks of AI Military Applications Aside from the current technical difficulties with AI, there are also critical risks to consider. Errors in Judgment Even when AIs are accurate, they lack nuance. The National Security Agency’s (NSA) SKYNET system (yes, just like in the Terminator movies) is a good example. A leaked slideshow revealed that a target identified as a terrorist courier was actually an investigative journalist working for Al Jazeera. It’s impossible for an AI to make this distinction. An automated weapon using this data could have killed an innocent man. It’s estimated that between 22,000 and 48,000 civilians have already been killed by U.S. drone and airstrikes since 2001. These casualties occurred with human-operated weapons. What could be the cost to human life if AI makes these decisions? Cybersecurity AI is being developed to help with cybersecurity, but it is also vulnerable to cyber attack. The more automated a system becomes, the more vulnerable it is to cyber warfare. Sophisticated hackers have already had enormous impact on businesses and even countries. Imagine the devastation that could occur if someone fed bad information into a military AI system, infected an automated weapon with a virus, or gained control of missiles. Privacy The military is developing AI for intelligence purposes, raising red flags regarding privacy. First, there’s the issue of facial recognition. Clearview AI, a company that makes facial recognition software, has been involved in a number of legal battles over its acquisition of photos from sites like Facebook and Twitter without any consent. This hasn’t stopped the company from building an enormous database of people’s faces, or government agencies from using the software in the U.S. and abroad. The U.S. Air Force awarded a contract to Clearview AI for research on augmented reality glasses that would scan people’s faces for security purposes. AI is also used by the military to gather intelligence. One potential application is to create something called “digital patterns-of-life.” This would use an AI to comb the internet and consolidate an individual’s online footprint including purchase histories, subscriptions, and more. According to a 2020 Congressional Research Service report, private citizens could be targeted for these operations along with service members, suspected intelligence officers, and government officials. This would represent an unprecedented level of access to people’s private lives. Human Rights Implications of AI in Warfare Human rights are also at stake. Artificial intelligence cannot understand the value of human life. A Human Rights Watch article pointed out that only human judgment can weigh whether or not an act is in compliance with international law. Right now, AIs don’t even understand what humans are. RSnake and Burgoyne discussed how difficult it is to code this knowledge. Programming an AI to discern when killing a human may or may not be appropriate is even more of a hurdle. Burgoyne said, “Ethics is certainly something that is way down the line once we've solved the problem for emotionality, motivation, core tenants of intelligence that we still don't really understand.” Although AI weapons are still relatively new, organizations like Human Rights Watch and the Stop Killer Robots campaign are calling on the global community to set international limits on their development and use. AI Weapons and Global Security AI weapons could also have an adverse effect on global security. With America, Russia, and China racing to acquire the latest and best AI technology, already tense relations could become even more strained. In the fall of 2022, President Biden announced restrictions on selling semiconductor chips to China. Even more restrictions could be forthcoming in 2023. This move is widely understood to slow China’s technological growth, including in AI. It certainly isn’t leading to better U.S.-China relations. It’s also possible that terrorists could acquire autonomous weapons. Many of these weapons have been developed by private companies, who may be happy to sell to the highest bidder. This could further destabilize certain regions, and make it more difficult to keep terrorism at bay. The Takeaway The American military is invested in developing AI technology for better or worse. Although its growth seems rapid, there are still many technical problems to be solved before science fiction becomes reality. AI could be safely developed if leaders choose to give as much focus to the ethical problems as the technical ones. For more on AI ethics and plant-based computer networks, tune in to RSnake’s conversation with Charlie Burgoyne now!

Artificial intelligence (AI) is already being used in weapons by a few powerful countries. Many are wondering how these developments will affect global security and the future of warfare. In this article, we examine which countries are developing AI, where the technology stands today, and potential implications on international relations. Who is Developing AI Weapons? AI is widely viewed as a next important step in technology and many countries are working on it. However, some are more advanced than others. United States The United States of America is already working on AI for many military applications including logistics, intelligence, data consolidation, self-driving vehicles, and weapons. Weapons using AI range from semi- to fully-automated, through most still have a human in the loop. First are semi-automated systems like fire-and-forget weapons. These are missiles that guide themselves to a target once fired. Next are loitering munitions called Switchblades. These are one-time-use (kamikaze) drones. They were developed for use in Afghanistan. The U.S. donated some to the Ukraine in 2022. The larger Switchblade model carries a payload that could take out a vehicle. Although a human is in the loop with these drones, they navigate autonomously. The CEO of AeroVironment, the company making Switchblades, explained that the technology to make them fully autonomous already exists. Fully-automated drones are also in use. Fortem Technologies’ Drone Hunter independently identifies other drones and deploys a net to catch them. These were also supplied to the Ukrainian military. The U.S. has also developed AI facial recognition technology that is being used in America and abroad. American tech company Clearview AI has either sold or given trials of its technology to 3,200 government agencies in the U.S. This technology is also being used in the Ukraine to identify suspected enemies to the country, and the dead. The U.S. military is also researching unmanned vehicles that support, or act as a “wingman” for another vehicle operated by a human. One example is pairing an unmanned aircraft with a fighter jet piloted by a human in the lead. AI Partnership for Defense The U.S. is committed to working with other countries to advance military AI technology. The Pentagon has initiated a partnership with 12 other countries to cooperate on AI development including tools for data sharing. In total there are 13 countries in the AI Partnership for Defense. The first meeting was held in September of 2021. The following countries are involved: ∙ The U.S. ∙ Canada ∙ The United Kingdom ∙ Finland ∙ France ∙ Sweden ∙ Australia ∙ Denmark ∙ Estonia ∙ Israel ∙ Japan ∙ Norway ∙ South Korea The countries were chosen not only because they are democracies with a similar worldview, but also because they have developed some AI technology. Israel, for example, has developed the HARPY, a fully autonomous loitering munition that attacks radar emitters. China According to a 2020 Congressional Research Service report, China is America’s leading competitor in AI weaponry and plans to become the world leader in AI technology by 2030. China is already using sophisticated face-recognition technology that could be adapted for military purposes. The government has claimed it can scan the faces of every one of its citizens in seconds. In terms of weapons, China demonstrated a swarm of autonomous air vehicles in 2017. Later, a media report was released showing a computer simulation of similar vehicles destroying a missile launcher. China is also known to be developing AI tools for cyber warfare. Russia Russia has developed a kamikaze drone that uses AI called the Zala KYB-UAV (aka KUB-BLA). It is believed Russia has used this weapon against the Ukraine. The KYB-UAVs are loitering munitions that are loaded with an explosive, then crash into targets. They have the power to destroy a tank and can also be used for surveillance and reconnaissance. The AI component on the KYB-UAV is a visual identification technology used to classify targets. Russia has exported the KYB-UAV drones to Eritrea. According to the Congressional Research Service report, Russia has also used AI for propaganda and surveillance on its own citizens, and in information operations against the U.S. and its allies. Turkey Turkey’s Kargu-2 was reportedly used against Libya. Another loitering munition, a United Nations (UN) report said it attacked targets independently, without an operator. STM, the Kargu-2’s manufacturer states the AI in these drones is only navigational, and the drones are otherwise under human control. The Kargu-2 is said to have the ability to identify and fire on human targets. STM signed an agreement in 2021 to export Kargu drones to an “undisclosed customer.” India Not to be outdone, India is also focusing on military AI applications. The country showcased a drone swarm in 2021 which was reported to have autonomous capabilities. How Effective is AI in Warfare? AI could help make the military more efficient, and save man-power for more important tasks. In terms of its use on the battlefield, AI has the potential to react much faster than human beings. An AI developed for unmanned aircraft destroyed a human pilot in a simulation. The human pilot didn’t even get a chance to fire. At the moment, AI is in early stages of development, and there are a lot of bugs to be worked out. The systems are only as good as the data they are trained on. AI facial recognition, for example, has varying levels of accuracy with different genders and skin colors. AI systems also have a difficult time adapting to real-world circumstances. It’s one thing to develop a successful AI for test conditions, a battlefield is very different. However, countries that manage to wield AI effectively will certainly have a strategic advantage over others. They will likely have more efficient military capabilities, with weapons that are able to fire and react faster than those fully operated by humans. AI and Global Security The development of AI for warfare does have implications for global security. First, the push to secure military AI technology is turning into an arms race. The U.S., China, and Russia are all working to gain a leading edge in this realm. And it’s not cheap. In 2018, the Department of Defense increased AI funding giving the Joint Artificial Intelligence Center (JAIC) $1.75 billion over six years, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) a $2 billion multi-year investment for its AI projects. DARPA received authorization for an additional $75 million in the 2023 fiscal year. Competition over AI weapons technology could contribute to already significant tensions between the U.S., Russia, and China. Another serious concern is the potential for these weapons to fall into the hands of terrorists. Many loitering munitions, for example, are small and easy to transport. Since private companies are often involved in their development, this is highly possible. Take, for example, the sale of Kargu drones to an “undisclosed client.” In February of 2023, over 60 countries signed a “call to action” on the responsible use of AI in the military. The 12-point declaration includes an agreement to follow international humanitarian law, ensure humans are in control of the deployment of nuclear weapons, and that “appropriate levels of human judgment” will be used in developing and deploying AI weapons. The organization Human Rights Watch pointed out the agreement isn’t legally binding, and challenged the U.S. government to define what appropriate levels of human judgment are. In March of 2023, Elon Musk and over 1,000 experts in the field publicly called for a hiatus in the creation of “giant digital minds.” Musk co-founded OpenAI, the company that created ChatGPT and GPT4 and left the company in 2019. Whether these announcements will actually help shape the progress of AI weaponry development remains to be seen. The Takeaway Humans are only at the beginning of their journey with AI, in warfare and everyday life. Although walking and talking killer robots aren’t going enter the theater of war any time soon, the decisions made in the next few years will be of utmost importance. To find out more about AI and its use on the battlefield, tune into RSnake’s conversation with AI expert Russ Bodnyk.

Will future battlefields be filled with killer robots? It’s hard to say, but artificial intelligence (AI) is already being used in the United States military. Killer robots aren’t on the scene yet, but they could be one day. But it’s not all about autonomous weapons. AI has many other uses in the military. In this article, we take a look at some of the projects in development, and examine the strengths and weaknesses of this technology. What is Artificial Intelligence? According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, artificial intelligence is “the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings.” However, definitions of AI can vary. AI is usually focused on mental processes like reasoning, learning, problem-solving, perceiving, and using language. What is the Role of AI in Modern Warfare? Although most people likely picture scenes from the Terminator movies when they think of AI in warfare, we aren’t there quite yet. AI is widely used in civilian applications from phones to banking. It’s similarly prevalent in the military. AI is being used and researched in many areas of defense. Here are the main categories. Intelligence AI may aid in military intelligence, including surveillance and reconnaissance. According to a 2020 Congressional Research Service report, “The Central Intelligence Agency alone has around 140 projects in development that leverage AI in some capacity.” One controversial use of AI for these purposes is the “digital patterns of life” analysis, which uses AI to bring together a person’s entire digital footprint. The above report indicated “servicemembers, suspected intelligence officers, government officials, or private citizens” could be the target of these investigations. Logistics Logistics is a crucial part of military life. People need to be fed and clothed, things shipped from one place to another, and vehicles maintained. AI may help make these processes more efficient. The U.S. Air Force is starting to use AI for predictive aircraft maintenance which creates tailored service schedules for each vehicle. The Army is also researching the use of AI to analyze shipping flows and costs. Cyberspace Cyberspace is the newest battlefield. With cyber attacks becoming more sophisticated every year, cyber defense and offense is an important part of modern-day military strategy. The U.S. Department of Defense is researching the use of artificial intelligence to defend its networks against cyber attacks. This includes identifying malicious code. AI may also be used to defend against adversarial information operations. With AI becoming more sophisticated, it’s easier to change faces and even voices in photos and videos online. AI could potentially help the military identify these deep fakes. Data Consolidation AI may also aid in bringing data from disparate areas of the military together for increased coordination. One example is the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Mosaic program. Using AI, the program seeks to consolidate information from Army, Navy, and Air Force systems in order to coordinate attacks from all these branches of the military. Vehicles Self-driving cars aren’t just for civilians. The Department of Defense (DOD) is also researching the use of AI for both autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles. These include air, ground, and naval vehicles. Both the Air Force and the Army are experimenting with autonomous “wingmen” – vehicles that assist pilots or soldiers. In the Air Force, an older fully automated plane would act as support for a manned fighter jet. Similarly, the Army is working on a remote combat vehicle (RCV) that flanks an “Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle.” Weapons Systems And yes, there are also AI weapons systems in use and in development with varying degrees of autonomy. In terms of lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS), the Department of Defense directive that covers LAWS states, “Autonomous and semi-autonomous weapon systems will be designed to allow commanders and operators to exercise appropriate levels of human judgment over the use of force.” Some critics point out the directive doesn’t outline what an appropriate level of human judgement is. There are also some signals the DOD may be tiptoeing closer to more automation. The Congressional Research Service report notes, “Although the United States does not currently have LAWS in its inventory, some senior military and defense leaders have stated that the United States may be compelled to develop LAWS in the future if U.S. competitors choose to do so.” Israel has developed a fully autonomous weapon called HARPY that destroys radar emitting targets. Drones developed by some countries including the U.S., China, and Russia navigate independently and are very close to being fully automated. AI-Assisted vs. Autonomous Weapons Systems In terms of AI weaponry, there are varying degrees of human control. In his conversation with RSnake, Charlie Burgoyne, founder and CEO of AI firm Valkyrie, made the distinction between the AI in Star Trek and Star Wars. He explained that in Star Wars, robots are fully sentient and act independently. In Star Trek, they simply assist their human operators and don’t think for themselves. Autonomous weapons are closer to Star Wars, AI-assisted are more like Star Trek. Today, we’re closer to Star Trek than Star Wars, but which path militaries around the world will take going forward is still being determined. The vast majority of AI weapons systems have a human in the loop. An example is fire-and-forget missiles. A human fires them and the missiles use digital imaging to zero in on their targets. The drones many countries have developed are similar, but unlike missiles they can independently loiter, and even gather data, for longer periods of time. A fully autonomous weapons system would act with little or no human involvement. A human might start or power it up, then it would complete its mission unassisted. It’s possible some drones are already working this way, though this is a matter of debate. The Types of AI Used in Warfare Many different processes are involved in creating an AI that can carry out the tasks people have set for it. In many cases, data needs to be collected. On the battlefield, this is often done using sensors in things like drones, radar systems, and even smart textiles. Then data is evaluated. A number of processes may be involved in this including rule engines, machine learning, data management, and descriptive analytics. Machine learning (ML) involves “teaching” an AI to recognize patterns for a specific outcome. For example, in order for an AI system to recognize a vehicle, programmers would gather as many pictures of vehicles as possible, then using a machine learning model, let the AI train itself using these photos. More complicated AI systems like autonomous vehicles require deep learning. This is an artificial neural network that can perform multiple tasks. Depending on the application, a number of other processes are used including symbolic logic, neural language processing, speech, and vision. The Advantages of AI in Warfare AI has the potential to make military operations many times faster and more efficient. First, there is the ability to bring together data from multiple sources and consolidate it. AI has the potential to unite weapons from land, sea, and air, and help them work together seamlessly. This is difficult for humans to do, especially in the heat of battle. Picture any Vietnam movie you’ve ever seen – with soldiers shouting into malfunctioning walkie-talkies and hoping the helicopter arrives soon. Computers can react faster than humans. An AI developed for the Air Force trounced human pilots in a simulated dogfight. The humans couldn’t even get a shot in. Another key advantage to AI is efficiency. AI can sort through data much more quickly than humans can, saving months of man-power. AI-sorted data can yield valuable insights. An AI system helped the U.S. government accurately predict Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, for example. Computers are also more consistent than humans in some ways. They never need coffee breaks or have a bad day due to a breakup. And they can retain knowledge and skills better than humans. The Challenges of AI in Warfare But there are serious downsides to consider. An AI system requires a lot of data. When that data is sensitive and highly classified, it can be difficult to share and process it. The enormous amounts of data required can also slow systems down. Then there are problems with the ability to adapt to new environments. AI systems often work well in test conditions, but have difficulty with the unpredictability of the real world. They can also be inaccurate. Facial recognition systems are known to have increased errors depending on the race and gender of the subject. The issue of accountability is also significant. If an AI mistakenly kills someone, who is to blame? It’s no longer a person who made a bad judgement call, it’s simply a machine that malfunctioned. There’s no way to make an AI face consequences for its actions. There are also ethical implications. As author Kai-Fu Lee pointed out in The Atlantic, “Autonomous weapons lower the cost to the killer. Giving one’s life for a cause – as suicide bombers do – is still a high hurdle for anyone. But with autonomous assassins, no lives would have to be given up for killing.” There is no cost to a machine for taking a human life. And a machine can’t evaluate ethical choices. The Takeaway Human beings are facing some difficult questions as our technology becomes more advanced. How we answer them going forward will have far-reaching implications for our future. For more on the ethics of AI, tune in to RSnake’s conversation with Charlie Burgoyne, founder and CEO of AI firm Valkyrie.

China in Cyberspace In the first part of this series, we explored China’s growth over the last few decades, and its increasing global influence. While the Belt and Road initiative is an important aspect of China’s bid to expand its presence on land and at sea, it is also seeking to develop in other ways. China has advanced technologies, which it has been eagerly exporting to countries around the world. These include quantum computing and artificial intelligence (AI). The FBI, among others, has warned of the possibility that China may be planning to spy on the United States of America through technology. Others say there isn’t any evidence of this. Still, China’s advanced technology does lead to many questions. Huawei Huawei is a Chinese telecom giant that was recently banned from the U.S. along with ZTE and a few other Chinese companies. Huawei has been in the news frequently over the last five years for a number of reasons including its special access to Facebook user data and ties with Google. Huawei’s Chief Financial Officer was arrested and held in Canada for three years on behalf of the U.S. for her involvement in alleged violations of sanctions on Iran. She was released in 2021. The U.S. government’s major concern with Huawei and other Chinese communications companies is security. FBI Director Chris Wray cautioned against using Huawei cell phones in 2018. While Huawei is, in some ways, a private company, its founder is a member of the Chinese Communist Party. Huawei has also received a significant amount of state funding. Since the intelligence laws in China are vague, it’s possible that any data collected from phones or other equipment could be turned over to the Chinese government in a heartbeat. Huawei also exports cutting-edge 5G equipment. This is another security concern since back doors could be built into these systems, allowing the Chinese government to sabotage them at will. This could be a disastrous amount of control for a foreign government to have. Several other countries, including Australia, Great Britain and Canada have banned Huawei’s participation in the development of 5G technology in their countries. However, Huawei continues to sell its phones, laptops and other devices in all of them. Those who say Huawei is not a threat to national security point to the fact that it is a private company, and there is no hard evidence it is sharing information with the Chinese government. Chinese VPN in the U.S. In his conversation with Jennifer Richmond, international relations specialist and founder of Truth in Between, RSnake mentioned he had noticed several virtual private network (VPN) providers that were secretly owned by Chinese companies. He sees this as a significant security concern. “You can never hide information from your VPN provider,” he said. According to an article on VPN Pro, almost one-third of the world’s top mobile VPN providers are “owned by Chinese nationals or located in China.” While there isn’t any proof that Chinese companies or the government are accessing this data, as RSnake said, it would be easy for them to do so. When speaking with Richmond, RSnake shared details of a meeting he had with a highly connected individual in Taiwan. This individual told him, “We have it on good authority that the Chinese have approximately three pieces of sensitive information, like PII (personally identifiable information) on every single man, woman, and child inside of Taipei.” This shows the Chinese government has both the desire and the technology to collect massive amounts of data on the citizens of other countries. TikTok The popular app TikTok is owned by Chinese company ByteDance and has caused its own share of controversy. The FBI has warned that TikTok poses a security threat to Americans both due to data collection, and the possibility that software on devices could be compromised. TikTok has stated it will never hand over U.S. data to the Chinese government. Last June, the company announced all its U.S. traffic will be routed through U.S. servers. Recently, however, another issue with TikTok has been discussed. There is a Chinese version of TikTok with a different name, and vastly different content. Television program 60 Minutes investigated these variances, as did Fox News. The Fox News segment with Tucker Carlson found the Chinese version of TikTok showed wholesome content like college graduations, students giving presents to teachers, how to draw, and videos of military training. Carlson’s guest, former Air Force chief software officer Nicolas Chaillan, explained that in China, the app will not operate at night, and shuts off after 40 minutes. This version of TikTok is very different from the American one that does not have any mandated time limits and shows far different content. The Fox News segment showed videos from the American TikTok that featured content like sexy dancing, and hot dog catching competitions. Carlson postulated this was intentional, and called it a “psyop.” 60 Minutes had similar conclusions. Guest Tristan Harris said, “It’s almost like [Chinese company Bytedance] recognize[s] that technology’s influencing kids’ development, and they make their domestic version a spinach TikTok, while they ship the opium version to the rest of the world.” According to 60 Minutes, TikTok stated it does give American users the ability to limit the app themselves. Others say it’s unfair to compare American and Chinese versions of TikTok since the Chinese government strictly controls social media there, and the U.S. government does not exert the same influence over free speech. China, Quantum Computing and Artificial Intelligence (AI) In his conversation with Richmond, RSnake pointed out that China is also in the lead on quantum computing research. Quantum computing has the potential to break any current cyber encryption used today. “They've invested very heavily in this and artificial intelligence,” he said. Regarding quantum computing he explained, “Things that rely on encryption to work, things like cryptocurrencies, things like you connecting to your bank… would suddenly be visible and decryptable by the Chinese government if they had access to this thing. It is a super weapon.” RSnake predicted quantum computers might have this capability in just a couple of years, and that no one would necessarily know if quantum computers had been used for decryption. If China were to develop this technology, it could gain unprecedented access to American military secrets and technology. Richmond said, “That's really frightening.” AI in China As of 2021, China had published the most research papers on AI in the world. The same year, it also led the world on the number of AI patents filed. While AI is making headlines with technologies like ChatGPT, it does have other, potentially dangerous uses. In his conversation with entrepreneur and AI expert Russ Bodnyk, RSnake explored the possibility of missiles and other weapons being operated by AI. Drones armed with missiles are increasingly automated, although still triggered by a human operator. With the increasing sophistication of AI, it’s possible humans could be taken out of the equation in the near future. Could China use its AI technologies for this purpose? According to ABC News, FBI Director Christopher Wray cautioned that China could use its AI capabilities for hacking, and to repress dissent in China and around the world. Chinese companies state China is planning to use its AI for other purposes. Head of Baidu (China’s Google) discussed the potential of AI in aerospace, finance, and energy sectors. And in 2022, the Chinese government submitted a position paper to the United Nations, calling for regulations to support the ethical use of AI globally, including limiting its military applications. The Takeaway Any technology can be used for good or corrupt purposes, and there isn’t conclusive proof the Chinese government intends to use its vast technological capabilities for spying, hacking, or other unscrupulous reasons. However, in its treatment of dissidents and ethic groups like the Uyghurs, the Chinese government has also shown it is willing to harm its own citizens to achieve its goals. Is China a threat? Only time will tell. In the meantime, it makes sense to treat China, and its technology, with a sizable dose of caution. Want to learn more? Get more information on China, AI, and quantum computing any time!

China’s Expansion The American relationship with China is always shifting; it’s an on-again, off-again tango with seemingly no resolution in sight. Over the past decade, China's influence has been growing, causing many to believe it is a threat to national security, politics, and the economy in the United States of America. Yet, others believe there are serious issues within China that prevent it from posing any real threat to the U.S. Here at the RSnake show, we’ve been interested in China ever since RSnake spoke with guest Jennifer Richmond, international relations specialist and founder of Truth in Between, in Season 1 of the show. Now, we take a deep dive into China’s growth and its current policies to find out just how much of an adversary it is. China’s Growth The Chinese economy hit a stride in the late 1970s with the end of the cultural revolution. Strong growth continued over the next decades as Deng Xiaoping continued to institute economic reforms. Beginning in 1986, China’s “Open Door” policy paved the way for increased foreign trade and investment. Although still strictly Communist politically, during this time, the Chinese government created Special Economic Zones where both foreign and domestic businesses could operate freely. In the 1990s and early 2000s, many in the U.S. and other Western countries believed China’s economic reforms would also lead to political reforms. Relationships between China and the U.S. warmed. In 2002, President George W. Bush was the first U.S. president to visit China in 30 years. China was welcomed to the world stage when it hosted the Beijing Olympics in 2008. China also became a major lender to other countries. In 2007 it was the largest holder of U.S. debt. When Xi Jinping became President of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 2013, the mood shifted. Richmond explained, “When Xi Jinping came into power, there was a lot of expectation that he was going to continue to open up society and perhaps even democratize society. And we saw very early on that was not the case.” In 2013, Xi announced China’s Belt and Road initiative, which seeks to connect China with other countries in the world by rail, pipeline, and maritime routes. To date, 147 countries have signed on to partner with China on a variety of projects, including some in South America. “One of the reasons for this initiative is because of U.S. domination over the sea, and [China’s] reliance on imported energy to fuel their economy,” said Richmond. Belt and Road agreements with China don’t always go as intended. In one case, the Sri Lankan government agreed to pay $1.5 billion to a Chinese company to build a new port. When the government couldn’t keep up with payments, it made a new agreement to lease the same port to the company for 99 years. This gives the company, its workers, and effectively the Chinese government unprecedented access to Sri Lanka. China Today Today, China is a strong country with global influence. While the economy has slowed slightly in recent years, China continues to make goods for export all over the world. It is strong militarily, with over 400 nuclear warheads in its arsenal, according to a report released by the U.S. Department of Defense. The report called China “the most consequential and systemic challenge to our national security and to a free and open international system.” The Chinese government has sought to expand, not only through the Belt and Road initiative, but also through technological exports and concerted investment in foreign media outlets. The Chinese government is reported to have spent $6.6 billion since 2009 investing in media companies around the world, including Italy and the Czech Republic. However, China does have its share of problems. Richmond pointed out that while the Chinese economy seems strong, it may not be built on a stable foundation. There are a number of ghost cities in China, for example, that are completely unoccupied. Richmond explained that China continues to build them in order to keep people in the country productive. But she cautioned this couldn’t continue forever. “It's irresponsible from an economic standpoint,” she said. China has also drawn international condemnation for its treatment of the Muslim Uyghur population living in Xinjian province. According to a BBC article, over 100 million people from this ethnic minority have been sent to “re-education camps” in the province. Many say these are more like concentration camps, and accuse the Chinese government of genocide. There is also instability within the country. In 2022, there were bank runs when some people lost access to their savings for months. There were also large protests due to China’s zero Covid policies, which saw some people welded into their apartment buildings. It is perhaps no coincidence that these protests began in Xinjiang. In February of this year, there were also protests regarding cuts to medical benefits. This instability and economic uncertainty lead some to believe that China does not pose a substantial threat to the U.S. China-U.S. Relations Relations between China and the U.S. are increasingly strained, especially in the wake of the Chinese balloon that lingered over U.S. airspace for seven days. Chinese officials claimed it was a weather balloon blown off-course, but U.S. officials have said the balloon was capable of collecting intelligence. There are also reports this isn’t the first time similar balloons have entered U.S. airspace. There has also been an escalating trade war between the two countries after President Trump came into power. As reported by NPR, Trump initially imposed tariffs on products made in China in 2018, and China retaliated. In 2020, the two countries signed a trade agreement, which China subsequently broke. President Biden then imposed export restrictions on semiconductor chips and associated tools going to China, and banned Huawei products along with those of four other Chinese companies in late 2022. China even had a couple tussles with the NBA when high-profile players and managers publicly criticized the Chinese government. The Rise of Socialism in the US All this has happened against a backdrop of the increasing popularity of Democratic Socialism, and maybe even Marxism in the U.S. Millennials, increasingly disenchanted with economic instability and high student loans have aided the rising popularity of political figures like Senator Bernie Sanders and Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez. Both call themselves Democratic Socialists, committed to democracy, but also invested in increased state support of the working class and taxes for the rich. This Forbes article states that in some university disciplines, such as sociology, one in four professors self-identify as Marxists. This changing political landscape has raised many eyebrows in a country in which the idea of Socialism has been almost taboo since the McCarthy era. Many believe that a lean towards Socialist policies is a slippery leading to increased state control. Fears of government overreach were stoked by policies instituted during the COVID-19 pandemic. While there isn’t evidence to show there is Chinese involvement behind the popularity of Bernie Sanders, for example, there is some evidence of China interfering in U.S. politics. In addition to encroachment by so-called “spy balloons,” there is real evidence of China trying to influence U.S. politics. The FBI has stated its number of China-related investigations has increased significantly. It warned China is using a number of tactics. In some cases, Chinese businesses or cities build relationships with American ones, then exert pressure to influence policy. Many American universities have ties to Chinese universities – dozens of which carry out defense research. The Takeaway Whether or not China is a threat may be debatable, but there is significant evidence that the Chinese government is interested in expanding its influence. In the second part of this series, we’ll examine some of the other ways the Chinese government has promoted technological expansion. In the meantime, tune in to RSnake’s chat with Jennifer Richmond!

Clocks vs Timers Immediately upon entering Sales you'll find that Clocks turn into Timers. You'll never again look at a clock and feel like the day/week/month is never going to end. You will now have a 90 day timer that you will always wish was longer. In high pressure organizations, if you do not see success in 90 days you'll get one more chance before you're let go. This timer will vary depending on Sales Cycle and maturity of the organization...but it will always be there. The key to handling this is to stop attaching any emotions to the timeframe and work to build a good foundation of opportunities - always trying your best and working consistently so the highs and lows aren't so drastic. You'll find this Timer concept so pervasive that it will infect many other areas of you life that are not work. It will be very important that you compartmentalize this concept. In reality there is plenty of time in your personal life to accomplish things without rushing. Something that I have to work everyday to remind myself. (There's a good book on this called The Ruthless Elimination of Hurry. A few holes in parts of it but generally gets it right.) Depending on your age, family, responsibilities you'll be faced with two Healthy ways to deal with this Countdown Stress - 1. Find something more intense that demands absolute focus OR 2. Find something that slows you down Examples of 1 I've found include: rigorous workouts, Brazilian Jiu Jitsu (although I don't recommend this unless you have calmed your ego and can dedicate 4 classes per week), marathon running, any kind of anaerobic sport. Examples of 2 would be: Yoga, meditation, reading, hiking, anything that keeps your heart rate below 60% max It's imperative that you and your personal relationships understand the emotional highs and lows - as well as you being honest with yourself that this level of survival stress generally will drive your negative decisions - alcohol intake, personal choices, manner in which you treat people. Committing to a Startup As a Sales VP or Sales Associate at a startup it's very important to have a complete company and market background before committing to the organization. Startup life is fun and exciting, but high growth expectations and lack or resources will put more pressure on you to perform. If you work better in this environment, trust your instincts, and feel like you know a way to "do it better" you'll be a good fit for a start-up Tech business. However, these lows will take its toll on you and will never find the pinnacles of startup success by jumping ship when the future looks bleak. A few things that may help before taking the position: Develop a Personal Relationship with the Founding team 1. You'll need to really understand how these Founders behave in their personal lives and how they view the world before starting. If anyone on the C-Staff believe in a very Machiavellian way to business that involves a Zero-Sum game, you'll be sure they'll screw you when times get tough Deeply Understand the Comp Plan Negotiate your Severance before starting (in a Leadership Position) Understand the Market Understand the customer Understand what the company does not do well Ensure your boss is would be happy to pay you large sums of money There's a naturally greedy instinct with some CEO's and CFO's that don't want to cut commission checks larger than their own Salaries+Bonus. That should never be the case. If you make a large commission check, it means you've also made the company a lot of money. If you find that the Leadership does not value paying their sales team well - do NOT take that job. Talk to customers 1 on 1 and understand why they bought the solution When considering taking a job at a new VC backed startup, it will be a very emotional period where you may get over excited and just believe everything is going to go great. Three months in you'll find the problems and will have buyers remorse if you don't carefully vet the opportunity and be willing to walk away at a moment's notice. Whatever you do, don't expect to fall into a job at a company that is <1 year away from getting bought and expecting a multi-million dollar payout. You'll need to expect to put in the work to make that company valuable...which is the only reason you should receive any payout during and Acquisition or IPO. Listen to the RSnake Episode "The Sales Game" with Kyle Kephart